Term
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Definition
| regulation of blood volume and composition, pH, blood pressure, and metabolism |
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Term
| urinary regulation of blood pH |
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Definition
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Term
| urinary system regulates blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| urinary system secretes rennin |
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Definition
synthesize vitamin D
secretes hormone for RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| capsule, cortex, medulla, calyx major and minor, pelvis, hilus |
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Term
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Definition
| collect urine inside the kidney and funnels to the renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| deep fissure where ureter, renal artery and vein join kidney |
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Term
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Definition
each nephron receives one afferent arteriole
splits into ball shaped capillary beds called glomerulus
reuine after nephron forming efferent arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
| bass of capillary beds around the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels that bring blood to the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| surround the tubular portion of nephron and form renal vein |
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Term
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Definition
| carries blood from nephron to the tubular portion of the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
controls arteriole diameter |
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Term
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Definition
constant value of 1 million per kidney
grows with size of body
composed of corpuscle and tubule |
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Term
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Definition
where blood is filtered
located in cortex
composed of glomerulus, bowman's capsule, bowman's space |
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Term
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Definition
| tube into which filtrate passes |
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Term
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Definition
filtration of small substances
reabsorption of useful materials from tubule
secretion of waste into tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| double walled epithelial cup around the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
space where water and solutes are filtered
large proteins and formed elements are not filtered |
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Term
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Definition
filtrate passes from capsular space to renal tubule
has three sections: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| several nephrons' distal tubules join to bring waste to the renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
80-85% of nephrons
glomeruli are close to the surface of cortex
loop of henle dips into medulla
goes back to cortex |
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Term
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Definition
15-20% of nephrons
glomueruli are deeeeeeeep in cortex
loop of henle dips into the medulla and returns to cortex
secretes VERY dilute or VERY conc. urine |
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Term
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Definition
blood pressure forces water and solutes through capillary pores in glomerulus
glomerular filtrate enters bowman's space |
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Term
| glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
promotes filtration at blood pressure (55mm Hg)
this forces filtrate through capillary pores |
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Term
| capsular hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
back pressure opposing filtration
filtrate entering capsular space meets resistance from walls of capsule and other filtrate
back pressure of 15mmHg |
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Term
| blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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Definition
opposes filtration
blood protein concentration in blood is higher and forces water back to blood
30 mmHg |
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Term
| glomerular filtration rate |
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Definition
about 125mL/min
blood flow controls filtration rate
homeostasis requires constant rate |
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Term
| autoregulation of filtration rate |
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Definition
short term mechanism for stability
loop of henle absorbs more Na+, Cl- and h20 than normal
afferent arterioles dilate, let more blood into glomeruli, increasing filtration rate |
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Term
hormonal regulation of glomerular filtration
angiotensin II |
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Definition
restores normal pressure by constricting efferent arterioles and back pressure
raises filtration rate
stimulates aldosterone by adrenal cortex->increases retetntion of Na+, Cl-, and water
stimulated by thirst center in hypothalamus |
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Term
hormonal regulation of golmerular filtration
atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
atrial heart cells secrete this
when atria stretch from blood volume too big
increases filtration and permeability
dilates afferent arterioles
suppresses secretion of ADH and aldosterone |
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Term
hormonal regulation of golmerular filtration
neural regulation |
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Definition
at rest with little or no stimulation
afferent and efferent arterioles are dilated
moderate- afferent and efferent are somewhat constricted
maximal-vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles allows for blood to go to flight/fight response |
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Term
tubular reabsorption
sodium |
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Definition
concentration of Na+ is less in tubule cells than lumen
causes Na+ to enter tubule cell
pumped out of cell then diffuses into peritubular capillary
promotes reabsorption of water (osmosis)
this gives diffusion gradient for K, Cl, Urea, HCO3 |
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Term
tubular reabsorption
nutrients |
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Definition
100% of glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, and others are absorbed
facilitated diffusion into peritubular capillaries
results in 65% reabsorption of water |
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Term
| tubular reabsorption in loop of henle |
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Definition
mechanism for dilute or concentrated urine
absorption of water is not coupled with ions here
ascending arm relatively impermeable to water
tubular cells absorb Na, K, Cl |
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Term
| reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts |
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Definition
80% of water and 90% of solutes are absorbed
more sodium and chloride are absorbed with carrier proteins
water is also absorbed |
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Term
| obligatory water reabsorption |
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Definition
absorbed by osmosis
90% water this way |
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Term
| facultative water reabsorption |
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Definition
reabsorbed in relation to need
keeps homeostasis~10% |
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Term
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Definition
movement of materials from blood to tubules
secretion of H+ |
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Term
| secretion of H+ to maintain pH |
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Definition
| reabsorption of Bicarbonate ion raises pH |
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Term
| secretion of K+to maintain pH |
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Definition
normally, 100% is absorbed, but cells in DCT will secret it
if too high, cardiac arrest |
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Term
| secretion of ammonia/ammonium to control pH |
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Definition
| liver converts ammonia to urea and is excreted |
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Term
| production of dilute urine |
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Definition
renal tubules excrete increased amounts of h20
fluid leaving PCT is isotonic with blood
ascending loop of henle is not absorbing water, but it does ions
urine is dilute because ions are absorbed but water isnt |
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Term
| production of conc. urine |
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Definition
juxtamedullary nephrons do this
produces osmotic gradient from low solute conc near cortex to high conc deep in medulla
ascending limb of henle makes ionic osmitic gradient, creating a less concentrated fluid along the tubule
collecting duct absorbs more water, and urea is built up in medulla and helps with ionic gradient in medulla |
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Term
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Definition
tube from kidney to bladder with smooth muscle to propel urine
enters bladder from rear and underneath |
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Term
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Definition
has 2 sphincters, first is involuntary, second is voluntary
pressure sensor stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
external sac for testes, divided by vertical septum
regulates temp of testes by raising and lowering of scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
descend through inguinal canals during 7th month of development
divided into compartments called lobules
each lobule has 1-3 tightly coiled tubules with spermatogenic cells
more mature sperm in lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| in the testes, secrete testosterone, between seminiferous cells |
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Term
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Definition
comma shaped organ on surface of testes
sperm travels here from testes, stored and matures. |
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Term
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Definition
stores sperm and conducts sperm
passes through inguinal canal to enter body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
located behind bladder before urethra
seminal vesicle and ductus deferens join |
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Term
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Definition
pouch like gland posterior to bladder
60% of seminal volume
secretes-alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen for neutralization, energy, motility (smooth muscle contractions), and clotting protein respectively |
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Term
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Definition
base of bladder around urethra
secretes acidic fluid with citrate for ATP, phosphates, and enzymes to liquefy coag sperm
20% volume
contributes to motility |
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Term
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Definition
size of pea on either side of urethra below prostate
secretes alkaline and lubricating mucus for neutralization and lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
sperm count is between 50-150million/mL
pH 7.2-7.7
contains antibiotic |
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Term
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Definition
copulatory organ
erection is parasympathetic reflex
contains three cylindrical masses of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 bodies on dorsal and sides of penis |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds urethra and makes up glans penis |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic reflex
smooth muscle at base of bladder closes, peristaltic contractions of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland push semen
muscles at base of penis help |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis I and II produce four cells that go through differentiation to get enzyme head and tail |
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Term
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Definition
live inside female for 48 hours
mature at rate of 300 million a day |
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Term
| hormonal control of reproductive system |
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Definition
| need boost of testosterone in development |
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Term
| GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) |
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Definition
| stimulates release of LH and FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| leutinizing homrone that stimulates testosterone secretion by leydig |
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Term
| FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) |
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Definition
| acts with testosterone to stimulate spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
produced from cholesterol and adrenal glands
stimulates spermatogenesis and responsible for sex drive
stimulates secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
layer of simply squamous or low cuboidal epithelium
covers surface of ovary
doesnt give rise to oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of whitish connective tissue under germinal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of connective tissue under tunica albuninea |
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Term
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Definition
composed of oocytes and supporting cells
support cells secrete estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid filled follicle that will soon rupture or ovulate |
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Term
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Definition
remnants of an ovulated follicle
glandular and produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin |
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Term
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Definition
meiosis I happens while in utero, and forms primary oocytes
after puberty, one oocyte completes meiosis II making secondary oocyte and polar body
if not fertilized by metaphase II, disintegrates |
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Term
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Definition
tubes reaching from the ovary to the uterus
transport secondary oocyte to uterus
fertilization usually occurs here
three layers-mucosa, muscularis, serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| funnel structure at end of fallopian tube that guides egg to fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway for sperm, implantation for zygote, and site of fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| dome shaped portion above fallopian tubes |
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Term
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Definition
where fetus develops
three layers-perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of serosa or visceral pertoneum |
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Term
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Definition
majority of uterus with three layers of muscle
thickest at fundus and thinnest at cervix
middle layer is circular, outer and inner are longitudinal and oblique
oxytocin starts contractions |
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Term
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Definition
inner layer with columnar epithelium, connective tissue, and glands
shed during menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
opens to vagina and produces mucusof water, glycoproteins, lipids, and enzymes
fluid is thinner near ovulation, impedes sperm movement not during ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
stratified squamous epithelium and two layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue
acidic to retard bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
female external genitalia for arousal
mons pubis, labia majora, minora, clitoris |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty tissue covering pubic smphysis |
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Term
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Definition
large outer folds of skin
homologous with scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
smaller folds of skin
surrounds urethra and vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| erectile tissue homologous to galns penis |
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Term
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Definition
modified sweat glands
15-20 glandular lobes
alveoli inside lobes secrete milk
lactiferous ducts open to nipple |
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Term
| female reproductive cycle |
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Definition
| composed of ovarian and menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| both cycles are controlled by GnRH that stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates secretion of estrogen by developing follicles |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates further development of follicles
estrogen secretion
ovulation and formation of corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
controls electrolyte balance, protein anabolism (increase), lowers cholesterol, and stimulates development of endometrium
inhibits GnRh release |
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Term
| female cycle and progesterone |
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Definition
secreted by corpus luteum
stimulates development of endometrium
prepares mammary glands
inhibits GnRh |
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Term
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Definition
produced by corpus luteum
relaxes uterus
aids in implantation of zygote |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by corpus luteum
inhibits FSH and LH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
5 days long, 20 follicles start to develop
the uterus discharges blood, tissue, and mucus because of declining levels of estrogen and progesterone
causes uterine arteries to constrict killing cells of endometrium |
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Term
| preovulatory phase (follicular phase) |
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Definition
day6-13
FSH stimulates follicular development
estrogen and inhibin are secreted by the largest follicle to decrease FSH to stop other follicles from developing
LH increases in conc and progesterone production starts a few days prior to ovulation
endometrium starts to develop and thickness doubles |
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Term
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Definition
secondary oocyte ruptures
high estrogen causes GnRh and LH to cause ovulation
peak in LH and GnRh
follicle develops into corpus luteum |
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Term
| post ovulatory phase (luteal phase) |
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Definition
days 15-28
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
if secondary oocyte is fertilized, then corpus luteum persists, helped by human chorionic gonadotrophin
otherwise it degenerates. decreased levels of estrogen/progesterone stimulates GnRh and thus FSH and LH
Uterus-estrogen/progesterone stimulates further development of endometrium
development is highest 1 week after ovluation, when embryo arrives |
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Term
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Definition
permanent cessation of menstrual cycle
ovaries dont respond to FSH and LH
internal anatomy atrophies
decrease in estrogen causes higher relative levels of testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
occurs 2 days before and 1 day after ovulation
when one sperm penetrates the egg, syngamy occurs |
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Term
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Definition
covered by corona radiata around oocyte
zona pellucida-gel layer inside corona radiata |
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Term
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Definition
when sperm penetrates oocye
ca2+ is released stimulating granules to change structure of zona pellucida (impermeable) |
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Term
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Definition
when sperm penetrates oocye
ca2+ is released stimulating granules to change structure of zona pellucida (impermeable) |
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Term
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Definition
zygote undergoes mitosis through cleavage
increases number of cells, but not embryo
morula is still in zona pellucida |
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Term
| development of blastocyst |
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Definition
fourth day, moves into fallopian tube
develops into blastocyst and goes into uterus
zona pellucida disintegrates and blastocyst enlarges |
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Term
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Definition
inner layer of blastocyst
forms extraembryonic membranes: amnion, yolk sac, and allantois |
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Term
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Definition
remaining 100 cells that is outer layer of blastocyst
develops into chorion and then placenta |
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Term
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Definition
day six
blastocyst embeds itself in endometrium and secrets HCG
prevents corpus lutem from breaking down
keeps progesterone and estrogen high
prevents menstruation |
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Term
| embryonic membranes in development |
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Definition
| yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois all form |
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Term
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Definition
only source of nutrition in species with eggs
reduced in humans
initial site of RBC |
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Term
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Definition
inner cell layer of blastocyst differentiates into sac that covers embryo
cavity between amnion and embryo is amniotic cavity filled with amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly from mother for shock absorber, temperature regulator, prevents abrasions. pee pee into amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
surrounds embryo outside of amnion
primary portion of embryonic placenta
produces HCG
amnion eventually fuses to inner layer of chorion |
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Term
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Definition
small vascularized pouch out of yolk sac
blood cell formation
later becomes umbilical cord |
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Term
| trophoblast (second week) |
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Definition
8 days after implantation, it develops two layers where touching endometrium
becomes chorion
secretes enzymes that enable blastocyst to be buried in endometrium
secretes HCG |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| differentiation of inner cell mass |
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Definition
small cavity in epiblast becomes amniotic cavity
epiblast gives rise to amnion
cells at edge of hypoblast migrate around blastocyst wall
forms yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
network in endometrium for maternal blood
source of nutrition and waste disposal |
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Term
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Definition
| trophoblast implantation, inner cell mass differentiates into two layers, lacunae develops, chorion develops from cells of yolk sac and trophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
inner cell layer of blastocyst develops 3 cell layers
primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
primitive streak forms |
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Term
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Definition
groove on dorsal side of epiblast
forms three germ layers
invagination-folding to form three layers |
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Term
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Definition
| forms epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle bone and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial lining of GI and respiratory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
developed by 3rd month, made of chorion and endometrium
permits diffusion of O2, Co2, and nutrients
only viruses can cross
stores nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
makes proteins and hormones for the fetus.
metabolism almost as great as the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
fetal blood vessels are bathed in mothers blood, some fetal blood leaks to mother
sometimes it leaks to baby, unusual |
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Term
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Definition
vascular connection of 2 arteries and 1 vein from mom to fetus (oxygenated)
derived from allantois and outside layer of amnion |
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Term
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Definition
| progesterone, estrogen, HCG, relaxin, human chorionic somatomammotropin |
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Term
| progesterone and estrogen in pregnancy |
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Definition
comes from corpus luteum
maintains endometrium and prepares mammary glands
corpus luteum degenerates after 3 months, then placenta secretes |
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Term
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Definition
maintains corpus luteum
after establishment of placenta, this decreases |
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Term
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Definition
increases felxibility of pubic symphysis an ligaments
dilates cervix |
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Term
| human chorionic somatomammotropin |
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Definition
produced by chorion
prepares mammary glands for lactation
increases moms protein metabolism, freeing glucose for baby |
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Term
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Definition
| due to amniotic fluid, uterine enlargment, increased body water, storage of nutrients, enlarged breasts, |
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Term
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Definition
weight gain, cardiac output, heart rate, and blood volume increase
appetite increases, constipation
increased flow to kidneys
decreased hair loss |
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Term
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Definition
progesterone inhibits contraction, so low at end of pregnancy
estrogen and cortisol overcome progesterone
oxytocin stimulates contractions, relaxin dilates cervix |
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Term
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Definition
regular uterine contractions
pain and contractions increase, dilation of cervix and show |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of blood containing mucus in the cervical canal |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation, expulsion, and placental |
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Term
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Definition
start of true labor to maximal cervical dilation (10cm)
regular contractions and rupture of water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
placenta is expelled
contractions constrict blood vessels ruptured during delivery |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by anterior pituitary
released in response to prolactin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
increases throughout pregnancy
inhibited by progesterone
stimulated by suckling-nerve impulse stimulates hypothalamus
PRH-10x release |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates muscle contraction that ejects milk from alveoli
moves milk to ducts |
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Term
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Definition
secretion by mammary glands for first few days after birth
cloudy fluid of no fat and low lactose
high protein and antibodies
4th day is milk |
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