John Smith

2:2

-Craved adventure.

-Helped North American settlement survive.

-Interested in founding aan Eglish colony in N.Ameirca.

-Took control of Jamestown

-Sensed the trouble about to occur in the first settlement of Jamestown.

Jamestown

2:2

-First settlement in North America

-Named after King James I

-King James granted a charter to the Virginia Company to found this new colony

-Located in Virginia

-By  the next winter, Jamestown had deteriorated and the conditions were close to famine.

-Soon flourished again, and explanded down along the James River (also named after the King.)

Powhatan

2:2

-Nearby town-Used this town for food for Jamestown

-The townspeople began to kill the colonists' livestock and farm when seeing the growing numbers in Jamestown.

Headright System

2:2

-In order to grow Tobacco, the Virginia Company needed field laborers. They needed to lure people to Jamestown so they came up with this system

-Anyone who paid for their own passage to Virginia recieved 50 acres of land.

-Immigration to the colony jumped.

Indentured Servant

2:2

-To work plantations, they needed many workers, or indentured servants from England.

-This was limited term of servitude (4-7 years.)

-Usually lower class from England

-Recieved food and shelter upon arrival

Royal Colony

2:2

-Virginia placed under direct control of the King.

-Virginia became a royal colony because King James revoked the companies charter.

-Virginia angered the king because of the term oil they placed the colony in.

-Wealthy Englishman who hated the Native Americans

-Raised an army to fight the Native Americans on the Virginia fronier.

-Army was declared illegal

-Marched his army to Jamestown to confront the colonial leaders

-March became violent (set fires to Berkley and many planter ships.)

-This became known as "bacons Rebellion"

-This succeeded in getting King Charles's attention

Puritans

2:3

-A group that wanted to purify or reform the Church of England

-Hoped to create a "holy" community in New England

-Some thought that they should remain in the Church of England so they could reform from within.

John Winthrop

2:3

-First governer of the "City upon a hill"

-Obtained a royal charter for a joint-stock enterprise meaning they had the aunthority for an independent government

Sepraratist

2:3

-The other Puritans that did not thnk that it was possible to reform the Church of England from within

-formed independent congregations

-Now known as "Pilgrims"- those who fled England to escape persecutions

-they formed the 'Plymouth Colony'- the SECOND permanent English colony in North America

Massachusetts Bay Colony

2:3

-Established by John Winthrop

-Port town in Boston became capitol

-Puritans and non-Puritan settled there

-The colony extended it's rights to vote to not only stockholders but to all adult males who were part of the Puritan church

Roger Williams

2:3

-An extreme Separatist

-Declared that the English settlers had no rightful claim to the unland unless they directly bought it from the Native Americans

-Royal charters that granted the lands were "National Sinns"

-Was suppose to be arrested but fled Massachusetts.

-Set up a new colony in Providence, Rhode Island.

-There, he guaranteed separation of church and state and religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson

2:3

-Was banished by Puritan leaders

-To stict Puritan leaders, she posed a greater threat then Williams.

-Says that you dont need the church or its ministers to interpret the Bible

-When banished, she went to Rhode Island

Pequot War

2:3

-Began with disputes between the Puritans and Native Americans over land

-First major conflict occured in Connecticut when the Pequot nation decided to take a stand against the colonists.

-The result of the war ended with near destruction of the Pequot nation

-Colonists set the fort on fire and shot Pequot men, women and children.

Metacom

2:3

-Native Americans were deprived of their land after the Pequot War and were forced to toil for the English to earn a living

-Had to obey Puritan law

-Wampanoag chief METACOM, called King Phillip by the English, bristled under these restrictions.

-Killed in King Philip's War

-His head was exhibited at Plymouth for 20 years to commemorate victory

William Penn

2:4

-Part of the Society of Friends- the Quakers ( a Protestand sect whose religious and social beliefs were radical for their time.)

-Dreamed of establishing a haven for Quakers in America.

-William Penn saw his colony as a "holy experiment"

-Regulated trade with them and provided for a court composed of both colonists and Native Americans to settle any differences

-For 50 years, the Pennsylvania colony had no major conflicts with Native Americans who lived in the colony

Proprietor

2:4

Quakers

2:4

-Believed that God's "inner light" burned inside everyone

-Held services without ministers. allowing any person to speak as the spirit moved him or her.

-Dressed plainlym refused to defer to people's ranks

-Opposed war and refused to fight in the military

-Harassed by Anglicans and Puritans alike

Mercantilism

3:1

-Held that a country's ultimate goal was self-sifficiency and that all countries were in a competition to aquire the most gold and silver

-Inspired nations to concentrate on the balance of trade

Parliament

3:1

Navigation Acts

3:1

-Series of laws restricting colonial trade:

*no trading goods unless shipped by colonial or English ships

*All vessels of trade had to have a crew that had at least 2/3 English or colonial men

*The colonies could export certain products only to England

*Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europse first had to pass through an English port

-These all benifted England and good for most colonists (provided jobs, etc.)

-most colonial merchants resented the restrictions, and would trade illegally

Sir Edmund Andros

3:1

-Ruler of New Englad picked by King James II

-Vetern military officer

-Had many enemies

-Made it clear that the Navigation Acts would be enforced and smugglers prosecuted.

Glorious Revolution

3:1

-In the aftermath of the revolution, new King, etc., Parlimant passed a series of new laws establishing its power over the monarcg

Salutary Neglect

3:1

-While England appeared to tighten it's grips on the Navigation Acts and enforcement, it seemed to loosen it's hold too

-English officials only lightly enforced the new measures as they settled into an overall colonial policy

-England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies

-Parlimant did not supervise the colonies closely

-Every colony had a governor appointed by the king to serve as highest authority.

Middle Passage

3:2

-The voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies and later to North America

-Was the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle

-This was sickening cruelty

-Eurpoeans branded the Africans with red-hot irons, and packed them into dark holds of large ships

-Africans fell vicitim to whippings and beatings from slavers as well as diseases

Stono Rebellion

3:2

-Uprising of slaves

- A particular rebellion that took place at a gathering at the Stono Rover southwest of Charles Town

-With guns and weapons, they killed several planter families and marched south inviting other slaves to join them on the rebellion

-White militia surrounded them and many slaves died in fighting, those captured were executed

Enlightenment

3:3

-Use of reason and scientific method to obtain knowledge

-Natured gained orevalence

-Spread quickly in numerous books and pamphlets

-Benjamin Franklin was an outstading Englightenment figure

-Embraced the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning. -Demonstrated that lightning was a form of electrical power by flying a kite in a thunderdstorm

-Had a profound effect on political thought in the colonies

Jonathan Edwards

3:3

- A member of the clergy who sought to revuve the intensity and commitment of the original Puritan vision.

-Preached that church attendence was not enough for salvation; you have to acknowledge your sinfullness and feel God's love for you.

Great Awakening

3:3

-Other preachers traveled from village to village, stirring people to rededicate themselves to God.

-This resulted in religious revival

-This brought many colonists into organized Christian churchs for the first time

-As the movement gained momentum, it also challenged the authority of established churches

-Some abandoned their old Puritan or Anglican congregations

-New denominations like Baptist and Methodists gained new members

-This also led to increased interest in higher education

-Made people question traditional authority

George Washington

3:4

French-Indian War

3:4

-Began with the defeat of G. Washington by the French

-The fourth war between Great Britain and France for control of North America

-The war ended with the treaty of Paris

-G. Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi.

-Spain claimed the French lands west of the Mississippi.

-France kept control of only a few small islands new Newfoundland and in the West Indies

Pontiac

3:4

-Native Americans feared the growing number of British settlers crossing the Appalachain moutains.

-Pontiac was the Ottawa leader

-Realized that the French loss was a loss for Native Americans

-Organized a rebellion and captured 8 British forts in Ohio Valley

-British responded  by infecting Deaware chiefs with small-pox blankets

-the virus spread among the Native Americans

-weakened by disease and war, the Native Americans negoitiated treaties with the British by the end of 1765

Proclamation of 1763

3:4

-To avoid` further conflicts with Native Americans, the British government issued the Proclamation which banned all settlement west of the Appalachians.

-This established the proclamation line, which colonists were not to cross.

-This convinced colonists that the British government did not care about their needs. 

George Greenville

3:4

-Financial expert chosen by King George III

-Hoping to lower the dept

-George was to serve as priminister in 1763

-angered merchants throughout the colonies

Sugar Act

3:4

-George Grenville promoted parliament to enact a law and this law did three things

-Halved the durty on foreign made molasses (in hopes that colonists would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest by smuggling.)

-placed duties on certain imports

-most importantly, it stregnthened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smugglsing cases in vice-admiralty court rather than in a more sympathetic colonial court

-soon swelled into an outright rebellion

Stamp Act

4:1

-George Grenville passied another act

-this required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet and almanac

-imposed special stamp duties on packages of playing cards and dice

-those who disobeyed were to be tried in a vice-admiralty court and convictions were probable

-In response to the act, a secret resistance group was formed called, "The Sons of Liberty"

Samuel Adams

4:1

-A founder of the resistence group, the "Sons of Liberty"

-powerful and influential political actvists

-The Sons of Liberty were harassing customs workers, stamp agents and royal governors.

-The Stamp Act Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which stated that Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in Parliament

-Merchants refused to import goods until the Stamp Act was repealed

-Was later repealed in 1766

Townshend Acts

4:1

-Charles Townshend was the leading government minister at the time

-Proposed revenue laws

-These were indirect taxes or duties levied on imported materials

-Also imposed a tax on tea

-lead to the saying, "No taxation without representation"

-Samuel Adams called for another boycott of British goods

Boston Massacre

4:1

Committees of Correspondence

4:1

-to communicate with other colonies about this and other threats to American liberties

-This linked nearley every leader in all the colonies

-

Boston Tea Party

4:1

-The Tead Act  granted the East India Company the right to sell tea to the colonie free of the taxes that colonial tea sellers had to pay

-This cut colonial merchants out of the tea trade

-A group of Boston rebels took action against three British tea ships

-They dumped 18,000 pounds of the East Inia Company's tea into the waters of Boston Harbor

-Infuriated by the organized destruction of British property

-Pressed Parliament to act in response to this

Intolerable Act

4:1

-Parliament responded by passing a series of measures that colonists call the Intolerable Acts

-The acts shut down the Boston Harbor because the colonists refused to pay for damages

-The Quartering Act authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant privite homes and other buildings

-This also placed Boston under "Martial Law" or rule imposed by military forces

Thomas Jefferson

4:2

-Congress appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration explaining the reasons for the colonies actions of freedom

-Jefferson was appointed to express the committee's points

Declaration of Independence

4:2

-Written by Thomas Jefferson

-Drew on the concepts of the English philosopher Jhn Locke

-"Natural Rights" -Life, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness

-Jefferson declared that the governments deprived "theri just power from the consent of the governed."

-On that bais of this reasoning, the America colonies declared their independence from Britian listing in the Declaration the numerous ways in which the British king had violated the unalienable rights of the Americans.

-This stated that all men are created equal

-on July 2nd, 1776, the delegates voted unanimously that the American colonies were free

July 4th, 1776, they adopted the Declaration of Independence

Patriots

4:2

-Those with pride and supporters of the independence

Loyalists

4:2

-Loyal to the crown of England

-Opposed independence

-many changed sides as the war progressed

Valley Froge

4:3

-The site for the Continental Army's camp during the winter of 1777-1778

Saratoga

4:3

-First place  that head to head battle took place

-1st continental win

-this battle convinces French to support US

Inflation

4:3

-Congress printed more and more money, it's value plunged and that caused prices to rise

Profiteering

4:3

-Selling of scarce goods for profit

Friedrich Von Steuben

4:4

-Prussoam captain and talented drillmaster

-Volunteered his services to General Washington

-taight soldiers how to stand at attention, execute filed maneuvers, fire and reload quickly and wield bayonets

-This helped the Continental Army become more a more effective fighting force

Marquis de Lafayette

4:4

-Another military leader

-French aristocrat who offered his assistance

-Lobbied French reinforcements

-Led a cinnab ub Virginia in the last years of the war

Charles Cornwallis

4:4

-British general

-Commanded the British  forces in the South and to conquer South and North Carolina

Yorktown

4:4

-British surrender at Yorktown

-French block the British exsist at sea forcing them to surrender

Treaty of Paris

4:4

-Confirmation of U.S independence

-Set boundries  if the new nation (Atlantic to Mississippi and Canada to Florida)

Republic

5:1

-Americans believed that a democracy or a government directly by the people, placed too much power in the hands of the uneducated masses.

-Favored a rebulic, a government that citizens rule through their elected representatives

Articles of Confederation

5:1

- A new set of laws

-two levels of government shared fundamental powers

-Sate government were supreme in some matters

-national government was supreme in other matters

-The delegates called this new form of government a "confederation" or allaince

-National government had the power to declare war, make peace and sign treaties

Land Ordinance of 1785

5:1

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

5:1

-Congress provided a porcedure for dividing the land into territories

-Set requirements for the admission of new states, it seemed to overlook Native American land claims

-This is how a state could become a state:

1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges

2. When a territory had 5,000 voting residents, the settlers could write a temporary constitution and elect their own government

3. When the total population of a territory reached 60,000 free inhabitant, the settlers could write a state constitution which had to be approved by Congress before it granted statehood

Great Compromise

5:2

-Two house congress to satisfy  both small and big states.

-eact state would have equal representation in the Senate

-the size of the population of each state would determine its representation in the House of Representitive

-The state legislatures would choose members of the Senate

Federalism

5:2

-Divided power between the national government and the state government

-granted the national government the enumeated powers

Seperation of Powers

5:2

Three Branches of Government

-Legislative (make laws)

-Executive (Carry out laws)

-Judicial (Interpret law)

-Checks and balancs prevent one branch from dominating the others

federalists

5:3

-Supporters of the Constitution

-favored new Constituiton's balance of power between the states and the national government

-Thought that the system of checks and balances would protect Americans from the tyranny of centralized authority

--Two types of Power--

Enumerated - specifically given to the national governmen

Reserved - reserved  for the states

Antifederalists

5:3

-Opponents of the Federalists

-Against the Constitution

-Countered with a long list of possible abuses of power by a strong centeral government

Bill of Rights

5:3

-September 1789

-Ratification of the Constitution

-Spell out personal liberties the states had requested

-Impose general limits on the powers of the federal government

The first 10 ammendments

1. freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly

2 & 3. grants citizens right to bear arms, prevents housing troops in private home during peacetime

4-8. Guarantee fair treatment for individuals suspected or accused of crimes

9. makes it clear that people's rights are not restricted to just those specifically mentioned in the Constitution

10. clarifies that the people and the states have all the powers that the Constitution does not specififcally give to the national givernment or deny to the states

Judiciary Act of 1789

6:1

-Judicial structure that has remained essentially intact

-This law provided for a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice and five associate justices

-Set up three federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts throughout the country

Alexander Hamilton

6:1

-To help build the executive branch, Washington chose capable leaders he knew and trusted

-Picked Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state and Hamilton as secretary of treasury

-These people became the president's chief advisers or "Cabinet"

Political Parties

6:1

--Federalists--

-Hamilton led it

-strong central government

-industrial

-pro british

-more protectionist

-loose on Constitution

-national bank

--Republicans--

-Jefferson led it

-civil liberties

-agriculture

-pro french

-state's rights

-Constitutional purity

National Bank

6:1

Protective Tariff

6:1

-Import tax on goods produced in Europe

-Passed by Congress in 1789

-Mean to encourage American production

Excise Tax

6:1

-Wanted more from protective tariff

-this tax was on a product's manufacture, sale or distribution - to be levied on the manufacture of whiskey

Neutrality

6:2

-United States would support neither side in the conflict

-Entering the war was not in the new nation's interest

Edmond Genet

6:2

-Young, French diplomat that was sent to win American support

-Began to recruit Americans for the war effort against Great Britain

Sectionalism

6:2

XYZ Rebellion

6:2

-The American delegation planned to meet with the French foreign minister. Instead, the Sorectoru sent three low-level official, whom Adams in his report to Congress called "X,Y,and Z."

-These officals demanded a $250,000 bribe as payment for seeing Talleyrand

-This provoked a wave of anti-French feeling at home

Alien and Sedition Acts

6:2

-Anti French feeling continued to flourish

-raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 years to 14 years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered understandable

-The Sedition Act set fines and jail terms fo anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing "false, scandalous and malicious statements" against the government

-Under the terms, the federal government prosecuted and jailed a number of Democratic-Republican politicans

-Called the laws a violation of freedom of speech guaranteed by the First Amendment

Nulification

6:2

Aaron BUrr

6:3

-Jefferson's running mate

-Recieved the same number of votes in the electoral college as Jefferson, the House of Reps was called upon to choos between the two highest vote getters

John Marshall

6:3

-Staunch Federalist

-Appointed chief of Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams

-Served on thr Court for more than 30 years

-Strengthened power of the Supreme COurt and the federal government

Judicial Review

6:3

Blockade

6:4

-Britian decided that they best way of attacking Napoleon's Europe was to blockade

-seal up it's ports and prevent ships from entering or leaving

Impressment

6:4

-Although both France and Britain engaged in these acts of agression, Americans focused theur anger on the British

-The reason was because of the British policy of practicing of seizing Americans at sea and impressing or drafting hem into the British navy

Embargo

6:4

-Jefferson convinced Congress to declare a ban on exporting products to other countries

-Felt that this would hurt Britain and the other European powers and force them to honor American neutrality

-This hurt Americans more than Britain and the ban was lifted on forgein trade, except with Britain and France

William Henry Harrison

6:4

-Governor of the Indiana territory

-Invited several Native American chiefs to Fort Wayne and persuaded them to sign away three million acres of tribal land to the US government

Andrew Jackson

6:4

-General from Tennessee

-Winning series of battles that gained him national fame

-British and American diplomats had already siged a peace agreement, "Treaty of Ghent"

-this declared "armistice" or an end to the fighting

-Americans were eager for peace and welcomed the treaty

-Within a few years, the US and Britain were able to reach an agreement on many issues left open at Ghent

Eli Whitney

7:1

-Inventor of the first musket made of interhcnagebale parts, parts that are exactly alike

-made his muskets all by hand

-His efforts were the first steps towards developing tools with which unskilled workers could make uniform parts

-This took industry out of the American households and artisans workshops

-Factories became the new center of industry

Industrial Revolution

7:1

American System

7:1

-Henry Clay began to promote the unification of the North and South developed economies

-He hoped his agenda would both unite the different regions of the country and create strong, stable economy that would make the nation self-sufficient

His plan included three major points

1. developing transportation systems and other inernal improvments

2.establishing a protective tariff

3.resurrecting the national bank -established during Washington's administration under Hamilton's guidance, and then much reduced in influenc during Jefferson.)

John Quincy Adams

7:2

-Secretary of State

-established a foregin policy guided by "nationalism" which is the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries.

-he prioritized the security of the nation and expansion of its territory.

-Formed a treaty with Spain called the "Adams-Onis Treaty" which Spain ceded Florida to the US. and gave up it's claims to the Oregon Trail.

Monroe Doctrine

7:2

-President Monroe warned all outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere.

-They should not attempt to crate new colonies, and to try to overthrow the newly independent republics in the hemipshere.

-At the same time, the US would not involve itself in European affairs or interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

-These principles became known as the "Monroe Doctrine."

Missouri Compromise

7:2

-Until 1818, the US had consisted of TEN free and TEN slave states. Illinios joined as the 11th free state.

-Missouri was thought to become the 11th slave state therefore balancing out the free and slave states

-The slaveholding states claimed that Northerners were trying to end slavery. Northerns accused Southerners of plotting to extend the institution into new territories. Hostilities became so intense that at times people on both sides even mentioned civil war and the end of the Union. This did however foreshadow the war to come.

-Congress managed to temporarily resolve the crisis with a series of agreements.

-Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving the sectional balance in the Senate

-The dividing line of slave and non slave states was set at 36*30` north latitude

-South of the line, slavery was legal, North of the line, except Missouri, slavery was bannd.

-Jefferson feared for the Union's future after the Missouri Compromise.

Spoils System

7:3

-Jackson's administration practiced this system

-incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace then with their own friends

Indian Removal Act

7:3

-Jackson thought that all assimilation could not work

-Another possibility was to allow Native Americans to live in their orginial areas, but this would have required too many troops to keep the areas free of white-settlets

-Jackson thought that the only solution was to move the Native Americans from their lands to areas farther west.

-Congress passed this act in 1830 which forced Native Americans to move west.

Daniel Webster

7:4

-Massachusetts senator

-Delivered one of the greatests speeches of American history

-The question of how much power the federal-as opposed to the state-government should have came to a head over the issue of tariffs.

John C. Calhoun

7:4

-Jackson's vice president

-Opposed the tarrif of Abominations

-called it disgusting and loathsome

Tariff of Abominations

7:4

--High tariff on manufactured goods

-opposed greatly by Calhoun

-This reduced British exports to the US and forced the South to buy the more expensive Northern manufactured good. From the South's point of view, the North was getting rich at the expense of the South

Bank of the United States (BUS)

7:4

-Although Andrew Jackson never did resort to sending troops to South Carolina after the rebellion, he did wage a personal war on BUS.

-He veoted the bill to recharter the Bank.

-Jackson and his allies made certain that the general public came to think of the BUS as a privileged institution.

-All federal tax revenues were deposited in the BUS rather than state or private banks, the Second Bank had an unfair advantage over the other banks.

Whig Party

7:4

-Jackson's tactics and policies had angered many people including some members of his own Democratic party.

-Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams and Daniel Webster formed a new political party

-The Whigs backed the ideals of the American system, as promoted by Henry Clay

-Besides a protective tariff, they wanted to use federal money to construct roads and canals to foster the exchange of goods between regions.

Martin Ban Buren

7:4

-Chosen as the Democratic candidate when Jackson announced he was not running for a third term

-Won the election easily with Jackson's support

William Henry Harrison

7:4

-Whig party candidate

-Portrayed as the old war hero who came from a wealthy family

-Won the elections and immediatly took steps to enact the Whig program to revitalize the economy which was still in great depression

-Died just a month after inauguration from pneumonia

John Tyler

7:4

-Harrison's vice president and therefore successor

-Opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

-The Whigs had put Tyler on the ballot to pick up Southern votes, they never thought he would play much of a role in government

-His inclusion on the ballot was a grave mistake and would begin referring to Presidnet Tyler as "His Accidency"

Second Great Awakening

8:1

-Much of the impulse toward reform was rooted in the revivals of the broad religious movement that swept the US after 1790

-Rejected the belief that God predetermined one's salvation or damnation-whether a person went to heaven or hell

-Emphasized individual responsibilty for seeking salvation and they insisted that people could improve themselves and society

Revival

8:1

Ralph Waldo Emerson

8:1

-Many reformed-minded individuals sought an alternative to traditional relgion but found revivalism too public a forum for religious expression

-Some Americas were taking new pride in their emerging culture

-Emerson led a group practicing "Transcendentalism"-a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination

Henry David Thoreau

8:1

-One of Emerson's friends

-Put the idea of self-reliance into practice

-Urged people to not obey lawys they considered unjust

-Peacefully refuse to obey those laws

Abolition

8:2

-Call to outlaw slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

8:2

-The most radical white abolitionist

-Active in religious reform movement

-wanted immediate "Emancipation"-freeing of slaves with no payment to slaveholders

Frederick Douglass

8:2

-Born into slavery, he was taught to read and write by the wife of his owner

-Because he knew how to read, he would forever unfit him to be a slave

-He studied even harder when he realized that knowledge could be his pathway from slavery to freedom.

Nat Turner

8:2

-Born into slavery

-He was a gifted preacher who believed he was chosen to lead his people out of bondage

-With nearly 80 followers, Turner's band attacked four planations and killed almost 60 white inhabitants before being captured by state and federal troops.

-He escaped but was eventually captured and hanged

Antebellum

8:2

Gag Rule

8:2

-Abolitionists continued to campaign for emancipation

-The rule was liminiting or preventing debate on an issue- which meant that citizens submitting petitions were deprived of their rights to have them heard

Cult of Domesticity

8:3

-In the early 19th century, women faced limited options

-Prevailing customs demanded that women restrict their activities after marriage to the home and family

-Housework and child care were consideed the only proper activities for married women

Temperance Movement

8:3

-This was the effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol

-Effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol was another offshppt of the influence of churchers and the women's rights movement.

-In the early 19t century, alcohol flowed freely in America

-Many Americans recognized drunkenness as a serious problem

Seneca Falls Convention

8:3

Sojourner Truth

8:3

-Isabella Baumfree was a slave for the first 30 years of her life

-Changed her name when she decided to sojourn(travel) throughout the country preaching and later arguing for abolition

-Women reformers made significant contributions to improving social conditions in the mid-19th century, yet conditions for slaves worsened

Early Factories

8:4

Master- the most experienced artisans

Journeryman- a skilled worked employed by a maste

-Appretice- assisted the Journeyman and was a young worked learning a craft

Specialization

9:1

-Raising of one or two cash crops that farmers could sell at home or abroad.

-This led to "markey revolution"- people bough and sold goods rather than making them for their own use

Capitalism

9:1

Samuel F.B. Morse

9:1

-A painter and scientist

-Built an electromagnetic telegraph

-"Morse Code'

Midwest Farming

9:1

John Deere- invented the first steel plow

Cyrus McCormick- invented the first mechanical repear

Manifest Destiny

9:2

-Many Americans immediatly seized on the phrase "manifest destiny" to express their belief that the United States' destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

-They believed that this destiny was obvious

Santa Fe Trail

9:2

-One of the busist and most well-known avenues of trade

Oregan Trail

9:2

-Started in Missouri and ended in Oregan

-A path for Methodists missionaries

Mormons

9:2

-Religious community that would play a major rolde in the settling of the West.

-Established by Joseph Smith

-His successor was Brigha Young

-He moved beyond the boundries of the US

-Mormons awarded plots of land to each family according to its size but held common ownership of two critical resources- water and timberland

Fifty-Four Forty or Fight

9:2

Stephen E. Austin

9:3

Land Grants

9:3

-To prevent border violations by horse thieves and to protect the territory from Native American attacks, the Mexican government encouraged American farmers to settle in Texas.

-Mexico offered huge land grants to agents called, "Empresarios."

-The empresarios in turn attracted American settlers who eagerly bought cheap land in return for a pledge to obey Mexican laws and observe the official religion of Roman Catholicism

Santa Anna

9:3

Alamo

9:3

-Texans attacked

-Drove Mexican forces out of an abandoned mission used as a fort.

Sam Houston

9:3

Republic of Texas

9:3

-Houston became the president

-This was the new, independant Texas

Annex

9:3

James K. Polk

9:4

-Mexico and the US might have solved these issues peaceably if not for the continuing instability of the Mexican government and the territorial aspirations of the US president, James Polk

-Believed that the war with Mexico would bring not only Texas but also New Mexico and California into the Union.

Zachary Taylor

9:4

-General who marched to the Rio Grande with Polk's orders and blockaded the river.

-Mexicans viewed this as an action as a violation of their rights

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

9:4

-February 2nd, 1848

-Treaty between Mexico and US

-Mexico agrred to the Rio Grande border for Texas and ceded New Mexico and California to the United States

-The US payed $15 million for the Mexican cession which included California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming

-This treaty assured Mexicans living in these territories freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections and open borders

Gadsden Purchase

9:4

-Established the current borders of the lower 48 states after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Gold Rush

9:4

Wilmot Proviso

10:1

-California, Utah and New Mexico would be closed to slavery forever

-This divided Congress along regional lines

Secession

10:1

-A formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

Compromise of 1850

10:1

-Henry Clay worked night and ay to shape a compromise that both the North and the South could accept.

-These series of resolutions, he hoped would settle "all questions in controversey between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of Slavery.

"

-To satisfy the North, the compromise provided that California be admitted to the Union as a free state

-To satisfy the South, the compromise proposed a new and more effective fugitive slave law

Popular Sovereignty

10:1

-Other provisions of the compromise had elements that appealed to both regions

-A provision that allowed residents of the territories of New Mexico and Utah the right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery

-This appealed to both North and South

Stephen A. Douglas

10:1

-Of Illinois, he picked up the pro-compromise reins

-Developed a shrewd plan to avoid another defeat

-He unbundled the package of resolutions and reintroduced them one at a time hoping to obtain a majority vote for each measure individually

Fugitive Slave Act

10:2

-A component of the Compromise of 1850

-Under this law, alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury, despite the 6th Amendment provision

-Nor could fugitives testify on their own behalf

Personal Liberty Laws

10:2

-Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guranteed that they would have jury trials

-These laws were passed by nine Northern states because they were infuriated by the Fugitive Slave Act

Underground Railroad

10:2

-As time went one, free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would at great risk to themseleves, aid fugitive slaves in their escape

-The conductors hid fugitives in secret tunnels and false cupboards, provided them with food and clothing, and escorted or directed them to the next "station" often in disguise.

-One of the most famous conductors was, "Harriet Tubman." 

-She was born as a slave

Harriet Beecher Stowe

10:2

-Ardent abolitionist

-Published 'Uncle Tom;s Cabin.'

-The novel's plot was melodramatic and many of its charachters were stereotypes.

-It deluvered the message that slavery was not not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle

-In response, Northern abolitionists increased their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act, while Southerners critiicized the book as an attack on the South as a whole

Kansas-Nebraska Act

10:2

-Douglas introduced a bill in Congress to divide the area into two territories: Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south.

-If this bill passed, it would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular soverignty for both territories

-Some Northern congressmen saw the bill as part of a plot to turn the territories into slave states, but nearly 90 percent of Southern congressmen voted for the bill.

-This bill became a law in 1854

John Brown

10:2

-An abolitionist described by one historian as a man made of the stuff of saints

-Brown believed that God called on him to fight slavery.

-He had his followers act in a proslavery settlement and killed and massacured many

-This area was given the name, "Bleeding Kansas" because it had become a violent battlefield in the up coming civil war

Nativism

10:3

Free-Soil Party

10:3

-Opposed the extention of slacery into the territories, nominated former Democratic president Martin Van Buren

-Did not have to be an abolitionists

Republican Party

10:3

-In Februrary 1854, at a school house in Wisconsin, some discontented Northern Whigs held a meeting with antislavery Democrats and Free-Soilers to form a new political party

-This new party was for keeping slavery out of the territories

-It was a conservartive fraction

-Main competition was the Know-Nothing Party

John C. Fremont

10:3

James Buchanan

10:3

Abraham Lincoln

10:4

-That summer witnessed the start of one of Illinoi's greatest political contests: the 1858 race for the US Senate between Democratic incumbent Douglad and Republican challenger Abe Lincoln

-Successful lawyer and politican

-Elected as a Whig to one term in Congress in 1846

-Two years later became a Republican

Freeport Doctrine

10:4

-In Douglas and Lincoln's second debate, Lincoln asked his opponent a crucial question. Could the settlers of a territory vote to exclude slavery before the territory became a state?

-Tettitories could not exclude slavery

-Popular sovereignty, Lincoln implied, was thus an empty phrase

-Douglas resonded with the Freeport Doctrine, "Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations."

Confederacy

10:4

-Confederate States of America

-Closely resembled that of the United Sates

-Protected and recognized slavery in new territories

-The new constitution also stressed that each state was to be "soverign and independent," a provision that would hamper efforts to unify the South.

-"Jefferson Davis" was unanimously elected elected president and "Alexander Stephens" as vice president of the Confederacy

Fort SUmter

11:1

-The seven southernmost states that had already seceded formed the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861.

-Only two Southern forts remained in Union hands

-Fort Sumter was the more important which belonged to South Caroline, on as island in Charleston harbor.

Anaconda Plan

11:1

-Northern newspapers dubbed the strategy after a nsake that suffocates its victims in its coils. Because the Confederacy's goal was its own survival as a nation, its strategy was mostly defensive

-Southern leaders encouraged their generals to attack-and even to invade the North-if the opportunity arose

Bull Run

11:1

-First major bloodshed occurred on July 21, three months after Fort Sumter fell.

-Confederate army encamped near the little creek, 25 miles from the Union capitol

-General Thomas J. Jackson dubbed the nickname "Stonewall Jackson" because of his battle strategies

George McClellan

11:1

-Lincoln responded to the defeat at Bull Run bu calling for the enlistment of 500,000 men to serve for three years instead of three months

-Appointed McClellan to lead this new Union army, encamped near Washington

-Union forces in the West began the foght for control of the Mississippi

Ulysses S. Grant

11:1

-Union Army general

-Brave, tough and decisive military commander

-In 11 days, Grant's forces captured two Confederate forts that held strategic positions on important rivers

-The Confederates surrendered and from then on, people said that Grant's inititals stood for Unconditional Surrender Grant

Antietam

11:1

-For once, McClellan acted aggressively and ordered his men forward after Lee (Confederate commandor)

-The two armies fought on Sept. 17th besides the sluggish creek of Antietam

-The clash proved to be the bloodiest single-day battle in American history

-More than 26,000 casualities

-Instead of pursuing the battered Confederate army and possibly ending the Civil War, McClellan cautious as always did nothing

-The battle itself was a standoff, the South, which had lost a quarter of its men, retreated the next day across the Potomac into Virginia

Emancipation Proclamation

11:2

-The Proclamation did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only areas behind Confederate lines, outside Union control

-It was a military action aimed at the states in rebellion, it did not apply to Southern territory already occupied by Union troops nor to the slave states that had not seceded.

-It had immense symbolic importance

-It gave the way a high moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves

-It allowed free blacks to enlist in the Union army

Habeas Corpus

11:2

-Lincoln delt forcefully witj disloyalty

-this was the court ordeal that requires authorites to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed

Copperheads

11:2

-Those who were arrested

-Northern Democrats who advocated peace with the South

Conscriptions

11:2

-Although borth armies orginially relied on volunteers, it didn't take long before heavy casualties and widespread desertions led to a draft that would force certain members of the population to serve in the army

-The Confederacy passed a draft law in 1862, and thr Union followed suit in 1863

Andersonville

11:3

-The worst Confederate prison

-Improvements in hygiene and nursing did not reach the war prisons, where conditions were even worse than in army camps

-In this George camp, 33,000 men were jammed into 26 acres or land, or about 34 square feer per man.

-They had not shelter from the broiling sun or chilling rain

-Drank sewer water

-About a third of the prisoners died

-The prisons in the North were only slightly better, they provided nearly 5 times more space per man

Gettysburg

11:4

-The July 3rd infantry charge was part of a three-day battle which many historians consider the turning point of the Civil War

-This batlle crippled the South so badly that General Lee would never again possess sufficient forces to invade a Northern state

Vicksburg

11:4

-While the Army of the Potomac was turning back the Confederates in centeral Pennsylvania, Union General Grant continued his campaign into the west

-Vicksburg, Mississippi was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, an important waterway for transporting goods

William Tecumseh Sherman

11:4

-In March 1864, Lincoln appointed Grant commander of all Union armies

-Grant appointed Sherman as commander of the military division of the Mississippi

-These two appointments would change the course of the war

-Both of these men believed in total war and believed that it was essential to fight not only the Sputh's armies and government but its civlian population as well

Appomattox- END OF CIVIL WAR

11:4

-Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate surrender on April 9th, 1865 in a Virginia village called Appomattox

-Grant paroled Lee's soliders and sent them home with their personal possessions, horses and three days of rations

-Officers were permitted to keep their side arms

-Within two months all remaining Confederate resistance collapsed

-After four long years, at tremendous human and economic costs, the Civil War was over

John Wilkes Booth

11:5

-The assassin of Lincoln

- 26 year old actor and Southern sympathizer

Andrew Johnson

12:1

-Succeeded Abraham Lincoln as president

-He won several important offices, including those of congressman, governor and US senator

-Was the only senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to the Union

-A former slave owner, who then later supported abolition

-Hated wealthy Southern planters, whom he held responsible for dragging poor whites into the war

-Johnson not only faced the issue of whether ot punish or pardon former Confederates but also a larger problem: how to bring the defeated Confederate states back into the Union

Reconstruction

12:1

-This was the period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War, lasting from 1865 to 1877

-This term also refers to the process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states

-Complicating this was the process was the fact that Lincol, Jackson and Congress had differing ideas on how Reconstruction should be handled

Radical Republicans

12:1

-Under Lincoln's terms, four states, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Virginia, moved toward readmission to the Union. However, Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan angered a miniority of Republicans in Congress who were known as "Radical Republicans."

-This was led by Senator Charles Sumner and Representive, " Thaddeus Stevens." 

-The Radicals wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders

-Most wanted African Ameicans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote

-The idea of African-American suffage was truley radical; no other country that had abolished slavery had given former slaves the vote

Wade-Davis Bill

12:1

-In July 1864, the Radicals responded to the Ten-Percent plan by passing this bill which proposed that Congress, not the president, be responsible for Recontruction.

-Declared that for a state government to be formed, a majority-not just ten percent- of those eligible to vote in 1860 would have to take a solemn oath to support the Constitution

Freedmen's Bureau

12:1

-Moderate Republicans pushed for new laws to remedy weaknesses they saw in Johnson's plan

-Congress voted to enlarge and continue the bureau that was established by Congress in the last month of the war that assisted former slaves and poor whites in thr South by distributing clothing and food.

-In additon, it set up more than 40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, 61 industrial institutes and 74 teacher training centers

Black Codes

12:1

-Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws-"black codes"- that severely restricted African American's lives.

-The codes had the effect of restoring many of the restrictions of slavery by prohibiting blacks from carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, marrying whites and traveling without permits, some were even forbidden to own land

Scalawag

12:2

-Democrats that opposed the Republican's plan for Reconstruction, called white Southereners who joined the Reblican Party, Scalawags

-Hope to gain political offices with the help of African American vote and then use those offices to enrich themselves

Carpetbaggers

12:2

-The Democrats used an equally unflattering name for the Northerners who moved to the South after the war

-This name reffered to the belief that Northerners arrived with so few belonging that everything could fit in a carpetbag,

-Most Southerners believed that the carpetbaggers wanted to exploit the South's postwat turmoil for thei own profit

Rutherford B. Hayes

 and Samuel J. Tilden

12:3

-The Republicans decided not to run the scandal-plagued Grant for a third term

-They chose this govenor of new York

-Democrats chose this New York govenor to clean up

Sitting Bull

13:1

-Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux

-Never signed the "Treaty of Fort Laramie" in which the Sioux agreed to liove on a reservation along the Missouri River

George A. Custer

13:1

-Within four years of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, miners began searching the Black Hills for gold. The Sioux, Cheyenne and Araphao protested to no avail

-Colonel reported that the Black Hills had god from the grass roots down and then the gold rush was on

Dawes Act

13:1

-In 1887, COngress passed this act aiming to Americanize the Native Americans

-The act broke up the reservation and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans

Homestead Act

13:2

-Another powerful attraction of the West was the land itself

-In 1862, Congress passed this act which offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household

-The"exodusters" or African Americans, moved from the post-Reconstrcution South to Kansas

Grange

13:3

-To push effectively for reforms, however, farmers needed to organize

-Oliver Kelley started the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that became popularly known as the "Grange"

-Its purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families

-The focus soon turned to their time and energy being placed on fighting the railroads

Bimetallism

13:3

-The central issue of the campaign was which metal would be the basis of the nation's monetary system

-On one side were the "silverites" who favored a monetary system in which the government would give citzens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks

-On the other side, the "gold bugs" favored the "gold standar" which was the backing of dollars soley with gold

-The backing of currency was an important campaign issue because people regarder paper money as worthless if it could not be turned in for gold or silver

Edwin Drake

14:1

-Developed independently

-Technique that involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurties to produce steel

Thomas Edison

14:1

-Pioneer on the new industiral frontier

-establisdhed the light bulb

-later invented the entire system for producing and distributing electrical power

Christopher Sholes

14:1

Alexander Graham Bell

14:1

Transcontinental Railroad

14:2

-Spanning the nation

-Regional lines multiplied

George Pullman

14:2

-The railroads helped cities not only grow but branch out.

-Pullam built a factory for manufacturing sleeps and other railroad cars on the Illionois prairie

Credit Mobilier

14:2

-In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company

-Stockholders gave this compant a contract to lay track at two ot three times the actual cost-and pocketed the profits

Munn v. Illnois

14:2

-Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two

-States thus won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers

-The gRangers also helped establish an important principle- federal government's right to regulate private industry to serve the public interest

Andrew Carnegie

14:3

-One of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune

-Entered the steel business and mancufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain

-His success was due in part to management practices that he initiated and that soon became widespread

-Attempted to control as much of the the steel industry as he could

*Vertical integration- process in which he bough out his suppliers

*horizontal integration- buy out a certain part of company

-He controlled almost the entire steel industry

Social Darwinism

14:3

-Carnegie explained his extraordinary success by pointing to his hard work, shrewd inventments and innovative business practices

-Offered a different explination for his sucess by a theory of 'Social Darwinism.'

-Grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution- survival of the fittest

Holding Company

14:3

-Company A. buys stock in Company B (holds interest in Co. B.)

-Only illegal if bought at to eliminate or take over the competition

John D. Rockefeller

14:3

-Standard Oil Company

-joined with competing companies in trust agreements

-Participants in a trust turned their stock over to a group of turstees- people who ran the separate compaines as one large corportation

-He used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America

Sherman Antitrust Act

14:3

-Made it illegal to form a trust thatinterfered with free trade between states or with other countries

-wanted to make sure there is some kind of competition

Samuel Gompers

14:3

-One approach to the organization of labor was craft unionism, which included skilled workers from one or more trades

-He led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886

-"American Federation of Labor (AFL)" with Gompers as its president focused on collective bargaining or negotiation between representatibes of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions

Egene V. Debs

14:3

-Same labor leaders felt that unions should include all laborers-skilled and unskiller-in a specific industry.

-This concept captured the imagination of Debs who attempted to form such an industrial union- Yje American Railway Union

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

14:3

-A group of radical unionists and socialists

-Known as the Wobblies

Chinese Exclusion Act

15:1

-This act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists and government officials.

-In 1882, Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration for ten years

Gentlemen's Agreement

15:1

Urbanization

15:2

-Technological boom in the 19th century contributed to the growing industrial stength of the United States

-The result was the growth of cities, mostly in the regions of thr Northeast and Midwest

Social Gospel Movement

15:2

-An early reform prgram

-Preached salvation through service to the poor

Settlement Houses

15:2

-A few reformers established comunity centers in slum neighborhoods that rpovided assistance to people in the area

-Provided classes to teach English and learn how to assimilate

Jane Addams

15:2

-Settlement houses in the United States were founded by Charles Stover

-Addams was one of the most influential members of the movement

-The settlement houses helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor

Political Machine

15:3

-Organized group that controlled the activities of a poltical party in a city

-Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support

Graft

15:3

Boss Tweed

15:3

-Became head of Tammany Hall- a powerful Democratic political machine

-Led the city in defrauding the city

-"Thomas Nast" a political cartoonist helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall's graft and the Tweed ring was finally broken

Patronage

15:3

-Since the beginning of the 19th century, presidents had complained about the problem of giving of government jobs to people who has helped a candidate get elected

-Reformers began to press for the elimination of patronage and the adoption of a merit system by hiring

-Jobs in "Civil Service" or government administration should go to the most qualified persons, reformers believed

-It shoudl not matter what political views they held or who recommended them

Rutherford Hayes

15:3

-Civil service reform made gradual progress under Pres. Hayes
-he was elected in 1876, he could not convince Congress to support reform

-He named independents to his cabinet

-Set up a commission to investigate the nation's customhouses, which were notoriously corrupt

Pendleton Civil Service Act

15:3

Progressive Movement

17:1

-Intellectuals questioned the dominant role of large corportations in American society

-Political reformers struggled to make government more responsive tp the people

-The efforts aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

-The Goals-

*protecting social welfare

*promoting moral improvement

*creating exonomic reform

*fostering efficiency

Florence Kelley

17:1

-Many women were inspired by the sttlement houses to take action

-Kelley became an advocate for imporving the lives of women and children

-Helped win passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours 

Prohibition

17:1

Muckrakers

17:1

-Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass ciculation magazines during the 20th century became known as "muckrakers."

-It is a term that refers to John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" which a charachter is so nusy using a rake to clean up muck of this world that he does not raise his eyes to heaven.

Robert M. La Follette

17:1

-Under progressive Republian leadership of Follette, Wisconsin led the way in regulation big buisness

-His major target was the railroad industry

-taxed the railroad property at the same rate as other buisness property, set up a commission to regulate rates and forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials

Inititative

17:1

Referendum

17:1

Recall

17:1

Suffrage

17:2

Susan B. Anthony

17:2

-After the Seneca Falls convention of 1848, women split over the 14th and 15th amendment which granted equal rights including the right to vote to African American men, but excluding women

-Anthony lead a proponent women suffrage  so that women could have the right to vote

The Jungle

17:3

Theodore Roosevelt

17:3

-The President in the early 1900's

-Youngest president at age 42

-Was the successor of McKinely

-Nauseated by the meatpacking conditions

-He invited the author of "The Jungle," Upton Sinclair, to visit him at the White House.

-he promised him that the specific evils mentioned in the book will be eradicated

Square Deal

17:3

-Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit, from whic he could influence the news media and shape legislation

-If big business victimized workers then Presidnet Roosevelt would see to it that the common people receieved a square deal

-This term was used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration

Meat Inspection Act

17:3

-Ture to his word given by Roosevelt to Sinclair, he pushed for passage of this act which dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers anc reated for the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was replaced by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990's

-This left the government paying for the inspections and di not require the companies to label theu canned goods with date-of-processing information

-The compromise also granted meatpackers the right to appeal negative decisions in court

Pure Food and Drug Act

17:3

-In 1906, Congress passed this act which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

-Although this act did not ban harmful products outright, its requirement of truthful labels reflected the progressive belief that given accurate information, people would act wisely

Conservation

17:3

-Conservatorists like Roosevelt did not advocate complete preservation of wilderness

-Instead, this meant that some wilderness area would be preseved while others would be developed for the common good

NACCP

17:3

-National Associatio for the Advancement of Colored People

-Aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races

-found little support in the Progressive movement, which focused on the needs of middle-class whites

-The two presidents hwo followed Roosevelt also did little to advance the goal of racial equality

Wiliam Howard Taft

17:4

-After winning the election in 1904, Roosevelt pledged not to tun for reelection in 1908. he handpicked his secretary of war, Taft, to run against William Jennings Bryan, who was nominated by the Democrats for the third time

-Taft won the Republicans another victory

Bull Moose Party

17:4

-Progressive Party became known as this after Roosevelt boast that he was as strong as bull moose.

-The party;s platform called for the firect election of senators and the adoption in all states of the initiative referendum, and recall

-Advocated for women suffarge,w orkers compensation, federal law against child labor and federal trade commission to regulate business

Woodrow Wilson

17:4

-The split in the Republican ranks handed the Democrats theur first real chance at the White House sine the election of Grover Cleveland in 1892

-In 1912 presidential election, they put forward as their candidate a reform governor of New Jersey

-Under Wilsons's leadership, he passed a host of reform measures

-Demanding even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform and reduced tariffs