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Using and Controlling Reactions - Chapter 3
Measuring energy changes, Fuels, Rate of Reaction
22
Chemistry
12th Grade
08/12/2014

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Term
Exothermic Reactions
Definition
Release of energy, increases temperature of surroundings.
Term
Endothermic Reactions
Definition
Absorption of energy, decreases temperature of surroundings.
Term
Define enthalpy
Definition
energy being transferred in a chemical reaction under specific conditions.
Term
If ΔH is positive it is a ..............reaction.
If ΔH is negative it is a ..............reaction.
Definition
Positive = endothermic -more energy in products than reactants.
Negative = exothermic- more energy in reactants than products.
Term
Define the molar enthalpy of combustion.
Definition
The molar enthalpy of combustion of a substance is the quantity of heat energy released when 1 mole of a pure element or compound is burnt completely in oxygen under constant pressure.
Term
Steps in writing equations for combustion reactions.
Definition
1. Write reactants and products
2. Balance Carbon
3. Balance Hydrogen
4. Balance Oxygen
Term
Define the molar enthalpy of solution.
Definition
The molar enthalpy of solution of a substance is the quantity of heat energy released or absorbed when 1 mole of the substance dissolves in sufficient water so that further dilution causes no further release or absorption of heat energy.
Term
Define the molar enthalpy of neutralisation.
Definition
The molar enthalpy of neutralisation is the quantity of heat energy released when 1 mole of hydrogen ions is transferred from an acid to a base in an acid-base reaction occurring in aqueous solution.
Term
Equation for calculating the ΔH?
Definition
ΔH = m(water) x ΔT(water) x Cp(water)/ (1000 x n)
Term
What are the raw materials of fossil fuels?
Definition
plant and animal remains
Term
Through what chemical process are fossil fuels produced?
Definition
Anaerobic breakdown
Term
What are the three fossil fuels?
Definition
Crude oil, natural gas, coal
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of coal as a fuel?
Definition
A: easily mines with low cost. Large reserves.
D: production of greenhouse gas, acid rain, non-renewable, hazardous mining, variable composition, harmful products of combustion.
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of crude oil as a fuel?
Definition
A: large reserves, easily extracted and transported, produces a range of fuels.
D: non-renewable, variable composition, risky transport(oil spills, flammable), produces harmful gases.
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas as a fuel?
Definition
A: easily extracted purified and distributed, combusts cleanly, high energy density.
D: harmful combustion products, non-renewable, flammable, less common
Term
What are the raw materials and chemical process that produce ethanol?
Definition
Sugar, grain crops, Ag waste by fermentation.
Term
What are the advantaged and disadvantages of ethanol as a fuel?
Definition
A: high oxygen - likely to completely combust, only produces CO2 and water, renewable.
D: poor fuel economy, use of fossil fuels in manufacture, uses up agricultural land, not readily available.
Term
Name two exothermic reactions.
Definition
Combustion and respiration
Term
Name an exothermic reaction.
Definition
Photosynthesis.
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of biofuel?
Definition
A: Renewable and biodegradable. Fewer harmful emissions. Improved engine lubrication.
D:blends can damage engine, decreased fuel economy, can congeal at low temp, expensive, fossil fuels used in manufacture, not widely available, emission contribute to photochemical smog.
Term
Equation for the complete combustion of fuels.
Definition

C6H12 + 9O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O 

ΔH = -3616 kJ/mol

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