Term
Gram positive rods?
Which is anaerobic? |
|
Definition
Clostridium (anaerobe), Cornyebacteria, Listeria, Bacillus
CuCumber-Like Bacteria |
|
|
Term
Branching gram positive?
Which is anaerobic?
Which is acid-fast? |
|
Definition
| Actinomyces (anaerobic), Nocardia (acid fast) |
|
|
Term
Gram negative cocci?
Which is maltose fermenter? |
|
Definition
| Neisseria meningiditis (maltose+) and gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
| Gram neg. "coccoid" rods? |
|
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Pasturella, Brucella
"Bruce is Bored in the Pasture with the Flu" |
|
|
Term
Gram neg. lactose fast fermenters?
slow fermenters? |
|
Definition
Fast: Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter
Slow: Citrobacter, Serratia, others |
|
|
Term
Gram neg. lactose non-fermenters:
Oxidase +?
Oxidase -? |
|
Definition
Oxidase +: Pseudomonas
Oxidase -: Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus |
|
|
Term
Gram negative, comma-shaped?
How different? |
|
Definition
Campylobacter (grows @ 42C)
Vibrio cholera (grows in alkaline) |
|
|
Term
Alpha-hemolytic strep:
Bile soluble? Not bile soluble? |
|
Definition
Same as Optochin Sensitive (OVRPS)
Bile soluble: Strep. pneumo
Not bile soluble: Strep. viridans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dsDNA, linear, non-segmented
Enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Poxvirus |
|
Definition
dsDNA, linear, non-segmented
Enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
hepadnavirus |
|
Definition
= HBV
dsDNA, partial circular, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Adenovirus |
|
Definition
dsDNA, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dsDNA, circular, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Polyoma |
|
Definition
= JC virus
dsDNA, circular, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Parvovirus |
|
Definition
ssDNA, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Rotavirus |
|
Definition
(a Reovirus)
dsRNA, linear, SEGMENTED
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a retrovirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Rubella |
|
Definition
(a togavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a flavivirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a coronavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Norwalk virus |
|
Definition
(a calicivirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a picornavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Coxsackie virus |
|
Definition
(a picornavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Echovirus |
|
Definition
(a picornavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Poliovirus |
|
Definition
(a picornavirus)
ssRNA+, linear, non-segmented
not enveloped |
|
|
Term
| Which picornavirus is acid labile? |
|
Definition
Rhinovirus
only one that's not an enteric infection! |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Influenza A |
|
Definition
(an orthomyxovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, SEGMENTED
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a paramyxovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Measles |
|
Definition
(a paramyxovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a paramyxovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a rhabdovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a filovirus)
ssRNA-, linear, non-segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Hantavirus |
|
Definition
(a Bunyavirus)
ssRNA-, circular, segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
Genome and casing:
Lassa fever |
|
Definition
(an arenavirus)
ssRNA-, circular, segmented
enveloped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ssRNA-, circular, non-segmented enveloped |
|
|
Term
| Which viruses have segmented genomes? |
|
Definition
BOAR:
Bunya
Orthomyxo
Arena
Reo (rota) |
|
|
Term
| Which viruses have circular genomes? |
|
Definition
| HBV (partial), HDV, HPV, Polyoma, Bunya, Arena |
|
|
Term
| What do you stain with Giemsa? |
|
Definition
| Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia, (reticulocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, M. tuberculosis, Bacillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can't Breath Air
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces |
|
|
Term
Obligate intracellular?
Why? |
|
Definition
Chlamydia, Rickettsia
Can't make ATP |
|
|
Term
| Facultative intracellular? |
|
Definition
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy.
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacteria, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma
Particular Kinds Have Urease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SPANS
Staph. aureus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Nocardia, Serratia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudomonas exotoxin A mech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADP ribosylation of G protein, high cAMP, pump Cl into gut. |
|
|
Term
E. coli
heat-labile toxin mech?
heat-stable toxin mech? |
|
Definition
Heat labile: stimulate adenylate cyclase
Heat stabile: stimulate guanylate cyclase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases cAMP by inhibiting GproteinAlpha. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks GABA and glycine release (inhibitory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks Ach effects (stimulatory) --> flaccid paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| Anthrax edema factor mech? |
|
Definition
| It IS an adenylate cyclase! Increase in cAMP, edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cleave rRNA in 60S ribosome.
AND Shigella must invade cell to cause disease! |
|
|
Term
| Streptolysin O mechanism? |
|
Definition
A hemolysin
Used for dx rheumatic fever. |
|
|
Term
| Strep. pneumo: Common diseases (4)? Clinical features? Organism Features? |
|
Definition
| MOPS: Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia, Sinusitis "rusty" sputum, sepsis in sickle cell anemia, splenectomy pts. Lancet shaped, encapsulated, IgA protease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strep. pyrogenes
Strep. agalactiae
*Staph. aureus
*Listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic fever, major critera? |
|
Definition
No "rheum" for SPECCulation:
Subcutaneous plaques
Polyarthritis
Erythema marginatum
Chorea
Carditis |
|
|
Term
| Gram-positive rods with metachromatic granules after methylene blue stain? |
|
Definition
Corynebacterium diphteria
(polyphosphate granules) |
|
|
Term
| N. meningiditis Capsule? Maltose ferment? Vaccine? Transmission? Diseases? Prophylaxis? |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide capsule Maltose fermenation Vaccine (except type B) Respiratory and oral secretions Meningococcemia (fever, hemorrhagic lesions), meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Rifampin for close contacts |
|
|
Term
| N. gonorrhea Capsule? Maltose ferment? Vaccine? Transmission? Diseases? Prophylaxis? |
|
Definition
No capsule No maltose fermentation No vaccine (rapid change of pilus) Sex transmitted Gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, PID, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (PID+liver inflamm)
Ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| H. flu Diseases (4) Shape? Transmission? Virulence factors? Culture media? Treatment? Prophylaxis? Vaccine? |
|
Definition
| HaEMOPhilus Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia Gram-neg "coccobacillus" Aerosol transmission Capsule (type B is most virulent), IgA protease Chocolate agar with V(NAD+) and X(hematin) Ceftriaxone for meningitis Rifampin prophylaxis in close contacts Vaccine is type B capsule attached to diphtheria toxin |
|
|
Term
| Legionella Diseases? (2) Shape? Stain? Culture? Detection? Transmission? Treatment? |
|
Definition
Legionnaire's disease and Pontiac fever
Gram-neg rod, facultative intracellular
Silver stain
Charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
Urine antigen
Aerosol; no person-to-person
Erythromycin |
|
|
Term
Pseudomonas
Diseases? (6)
Shape?
Enzyme characteristics?
Toxins?
Tx? |
|
Definition
PSEUDOmonas
Pneumonia (CF), Sepsis, External otitis, UTI, Drug (IV) and Diabetic Osteomyelitis, hot tub folliculitis, Ecthyma gangrenosum in immunosuppressed.
Gram-neg rod.
Aerobic, oxidase positive, blue-green pigment, grape-like odor.
Endotoxin (fever, shock) and exotoxin A (EF-2 ribosylation).
Aminoglycoside + a TCP (Takes Care of Pseudomonas: Ticarcillin, Carbenecillin, Pipercillin) |
|
|
Term
| E. coli virulence factors? (3) |
|
Definition
fimbriae - cystitis, pyelonephritis
K capsule - pneumonia, neonatal meningitis
LPS endotoxin (Lipid A component) - sepsis |
|
|
Term
| Klebsiella Shape? Enzyme characteristics? Diseases and features? |
|
Definition
Gram neg rod
Lactose fast fermenter
Aspiration pneumonia, esp. alcoholics, diabetics. Red currant jelly sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Due to verotoxin (Shigella or EHEC)
Vascular damage --> thrombi
Triad:
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
renal failure
thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
Salmonella vs. Shigella
Shape/enzyme?
Motility?
Gas production?
Virulence? |
|
Definition
Both gram neg rods, oxidase neg., lactose non-fermenter
Salmonella is motile with flagella, Shigella has intracellular actin polymerization motility
Salmonella makes H2S
Shigella is much more virulent (10 org. vs. 10^5 org.) |
|
|
Term
| Typhoid fever Organism? Features? |
|
Definition
Salmonella typhi
Fever, diarrhea, headache, rose spots on abdomen.
Can stay in gallbladder chronically. |
|
|
Term
| Triple therapy for H. pylori? |
|
Definition
PPI
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin or metronidazole. |
|
|
Term
Lyme disease
Organism?
Vector?
Features?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Ixodes tick
Erythema chronicum migrans "bulls eye rash", flulike sx, Bell's palsye, cardiac block, arthritis.
Doxycycline, ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
Cat scratch fever
Organism?
Source? |
|
Definition
Bartonella hensellae
cat scratch! |
|
|
Term
Recurrent fever
Organism?
Source? |
|
Definition
Borrelia recurrentis
Louse
(b/c varying surface antigens) |
|
|
Term
Undulant fever
Organism?
Source? |
|
Definition
Brucella, aka "Brucellosis"
Unpasteurized dairy products, animal contact |
|
|
Term
Tularemia
Organism?
Source? |
|
Definition
Francisella tularensis
Rabbits, tick bite, deer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yersinia pestis
Flea bite, rodents esp. prarie dogs |
|
|
Term
Pasturella multocida
Diseases caused?
Source? |
|
Definition
Cellultis, osteomyelitis
Animal bite: dog, cat |
|
|
Term
| Rickettsial diseases, vectors, orgs? (5) |
|
Definition
Rocky Mountain spotted fever - tick - R. rickettsii
Endemic typhus - flea - R. typhi
Epidemic typhus - louse - R. prowazekii
Ehrlichiosis - tick - R. ehrlichia
Q fever - tick feces, placenta - Coxiella burnetti |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever vs. Typhus vs. Ehrlichiosis? |
|
Definition
All Rickettsial diseases
RMSF: Rash starts on hands and feet
Typhus: Starts on trunk, spreads outward, no palms or soles
Ehrlichiosis: no rash, granulocytes with intracellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| Why is Q fever "queer"? (4 reasons) |
|
Definition
| A "Rickettsial" disease, but actually spread by Coxiella Burnetti. No rash. No vector (tick feces, animal placenta) Negative Weil-Felix reaction |
|
|
Term
What is Weil-Felix reaction?
Which disease is always negative? |
|
Definition
Antibody cross-reaction b/n Rickettsial diseases and Proteus O antigen.
Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) is always negative |
|
|
Term
| Which diseases have palm and sole rash? |
|
Definition
CARS (drive with your palms and soles!)
Coxsackie A
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Syphilis |
|
|
Term
Chlamydia subtypes:
ABC?
D-K?
L1-L3? |
|
Definition
ABC: chronic infection, blindness from follicular conjunctivitis in Africa (Africa/Blindness/Chronic)
D-K: urethritis/PID, neonatal pneumonia/conjunctivitis
L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (ulcers, painful inguinal lymph nodes, chlanydia inclusion bodies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microsporium, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
Cause "tinea" disease EXCEPT Tinea versicolor (M. furfur) |
|
|
Term
| Dimorphic fungus, pseudohyphae at 20C, germ tube at 37C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Source for cryptococcus?
Culture?
Stains? (2) |
|
Definition
Soil, pigeon droppings
Sabouraud's agar
India ink and Mucicarmine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for sporothrix schenckii? |
|
Definition
itraconazole or potassium iodide
put IT in a POT (your rose with thorns!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Entamoeba histolytica
Disease?
Histology?
Tx? |
|
Definition
Dysentery, liver abscess
Trophozoites/cysts in stool, RBCs in amoeba cytoplasm
Metronidazole & iodoquinol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| None - prevent by filtering water supply |
|
|
Term
Toxoplasma classic triad?
Tx? |
|
Definition
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Sulfadiazine & pyrimethamine |
|
|
Term
Naegleria fowleri
Disease?
Source?
Features? |
|
Definition
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
freshwater lakes (think Nalgene - fresh water)
Amoebas in CSF |
|
|
Term
| African sleeping sickness Features? Organism? Transmission? Tx? |
|
Definition
Enlarged nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma Typanosoma brucei, gamgiense, rhodesiense Tsetse fly (painful bite)
Suramin for blood dz, Melarsoprol for CSF disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Babesiosis
Disease?
Transmission?
Histology?
Tx? |
|
Definition
fever, hemolytic anemia
Ixodes tick
"Maltese cross" in RBCs
Quinine, clindamycin |
|
|
Term
| Tx for most INTESTINAL nemotodes (roundworms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tx for most TISSUE nemotodes (roundworms) |
|
Definition
| Diethylcarbamazine, except Ivermectin for Onchocerciasis |
|
|
Term
| Tx for most cestodes (tapeworms) |
|
Definition
| Praziquantel & -bendazoles. |
|
|
Term
| Tx for most trematodes (flukes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasite Associations:
1. Brain cysts, seizures
2. Liver cysts
3. B12 deficiency
4. Biliary tract dz, cholangiocarcinoma
5. Hemoptysis
6. Portal HTN
7. Hematuria, bladder cancer
8. Microcytic anemia
9. Perianal puritus |
|
Definition
1. Taenia solium (cysticercosis)
2. Echinococcus granulosus
3. Diphyllobothrium latum
4. Clonorchis sinensis
5. Paragonimus westermani
6. Schistosoma mansoni
7. Schistosoma haemotobium
8. Ancylostoma, Necator
9. Enterobius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
For herpes
Smear of open skin vesicle, look for multinucleated giant cells, intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Roseola
high fever for several days, then diffuse macular rash |
|
|
Term
| Rubella vs. Rubeola vs. Roseola? |
|
Definition
| Rubella: a togavirus, TORCH infection (PDA, cataracts, deafness, blueberry-muffin rash), post-auricular lymphadenopathy, rash on trunk only Rubeola: "Measles", a paramyxovirus, 3Cs, Koplik spots, rash on trunk+hands & feet, Palivizumab for prophylaxis Roseola: HHV-6 infection, high fevers for days then rash |
|
|
Term
| High fever, jaundice, black vomit? |
|
Definition
| Yellow fever virus (flavivirus) |
|
|
Term
| Parotitis, Orchitis, Aseptic meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute hepatitis with ballooning degeneration, mononuclear infiltrates, Councilman bodies? |
|
Definition
HAV
Councilman bodies are eosinophilic apoptotic cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 HIV structural genes? |
|
Definition
env: gp120 and gp41 (envelope proteins)
gag: p24 (capsid protein)
pol: reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of pneumonia in neonates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common causes of pneumonia in 4wk-18yr? |
|
Definition
Runts May Cough Sputum
RSV
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia pneumoniae
S. pneumo |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic and drug addict osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M. tuberculosis (Pott's disease) |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal results of maternal Rubella infection? |
|
Definition
| PDA or pulm. artery hypoplasia Cataracts Deafness "Blueberry Muffin" rash |
|
|
Term
| Maternal risk infections? |
|
Definition
TORCHES
Toxoplasma
parvOvirus B19
Rubella
CMV
HIV, Herpes simplex
hepatitis E
Syphilis |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal results of maternal CMV infection? |
|
Definition
| Deafness, seizures, petechial rash |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal results of maternal Parvovirus B19 infxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neonatal results of maternal syphilis infection? |
|
Definition
| hydrops fetalis risk, also skeletal/teeth abnormalities |
|
|
Term
Corynebacterium Diptheria
ABCDEFG? |
|
Definition
ADP-ribosylation
Beta prophage
Corynebacterium
Diphtheria
Elongation Factor 2
Granules (polyphosphate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monospot test
IgM antibodies cross-react with heterophil antigens on horse RBCs. Actually sensitive and specific!
(CMV is heterophil antibody test negative) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
"traveler's diarrhea": watery, cramping, N/V
Heat-labile and heat-stabile toxins (increase cAMP and cGMP respectively). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enteroaggregative E. coli
Chronic diarrhea in infants in dev. ctrys
"Stacked-brick" intestinal/colonic adhesion (pathogenesis unknown) |
|
|
Term
What is the N. meningitidis vaccine made of?
Why is it not standard? |
|
Definition
Capsule polysaccharide
Incomplete and transient protection, only in high-risk close living groups (military recruits, college students) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All mold in culture, yeast in tissue
Candida (pseudohyphae - germ tube)
Sporothrix (hyphae - cigar budding yeast)
Coccidiodes (hyphae with dbl reflective wall - spherules with endospores)
Paracoccidiodes (hyphae - pilot's wheel, polygemulating)
Histoplasma (hyphae - oval yeast cells in mphages)
Blastomyces (hyphae - large round yeast with broad-based bud) |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by adenovirii? |
|
Definition
| URIs, diarrhea, hemorrhagic cystitis/UTI |
|
|
Term
Botulism poisoning
Toxin production?
Mechanism?
Clinical features?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
Produced by C. botulinum, in anaerobic environment like canned food. Toxin NOT released, stored intracellularly but released when cells lyse.
Prevents release of ACh at neuromusc. jxn.
3Ds: Diplopia, Dysphagia, Dysphonia; then flaccid paralysis
Anti-toxin, but can't inactivate toxin that has already accessed nerve cells. Respiratory support. |
|
|
Term
| 18M, fever, confusion, headaches, nuchal rigidity, purpura on lower extremities? |
|
Definition
Meningococcal meningitis
Note purpura! |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium difficile toxin mechanism? |
|
Definition
Toxin A: neutrophil chemotactic -> diarrhea
Toxin B: depolymerize actin, epithelial cell death |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens toxin mechanism? |
|
Definition
| lecithinase -> hemolysis, myonecrosis, gas gangrene |
|
|
Term
| Common triggers for candida vaginitis? (5) |
|
Definition
Antibiotic use
Contraceptive use
Corticosteroids
Diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled
Immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
What E. coli strains do not ferment sorbitol?
What else don't they do? |
|
Definition
O157:H7 EHEC
Also don't produce glucoronidase |
|
|
Term
Which gram pos. bacteria synthesizes dextrans from sucrose?
Allows binding to what?
What disease is this related to? |
|
Definition
Strep. viridans
Fibrin-platelet aggregates
Bacterial endocarditis (req preexisting damage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calymmatobacterium (Klebsiella?) granulomatus
Inguinal swelling, ulcers, absesses, fistulas.
Gram stain shows rod-shaped intracytoplasmic inclusions (Donovan bodies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common cause of watery diarrhea in HIV patients |
|
|
Term
| Esophagitis in HIV patient? |
|
Definition
Either Candida, HSV, or CMV.
Candida: gray/white pseudomembranes
HSV: small vescicles, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
CMV: linear ulcerations, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions |
|
|
