Term
| Lymphatic drainage of vagina/uterus |
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Definition
Distal 1/3: superficial inguinal
Proximal 2/3: obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes |
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Term
Suspensory ligament of ovaries
Connects?
Contains? |
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Definition
Ovaries to lateral pelvic wall
Ovarian vessels (from aorta, to IVC, left renal vein) |
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Term
Cardinal ligament
Connects?
Contains? |
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Definition
Connects cervix to side wall of pelvis
Uterine vessels (from/to internal iliac) |
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Term
Round ligament of uterus
Connects?
Contains? |
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Definition
Uterine fundus to labia majora via inguinal canal
Nothing! (0 like round) female gubernaculum |
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Term
Broad ligament
Connects?
Contains? |
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Definition
Uterus, fallopian, tubes, and ovaries to pelvic wall (covers everything)
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus |
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Term
Ligament of the ovary
Connects?
Contains? |
|
Definition
Connects ovary to lateral uterus
Nothing, structural only. (UNLIKE suspensory ligament of ovary!) |
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Term
Sertoli cells secrete:
Leydig cells secrete: |
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Definition
Sertoli:
Inhibin (inhibits FSH at ant. pituitary)
Androgen Binding Protein
Anti-Müllerian hormone
regulate/protect/promote spermatogenesis
Leydig:
Testosterone (inhibits LH at ant. pituitary AND GnRH at hypothalamus) |
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Term
|
Definition
Spermatogonium (Diploid, 2N)
-chromosome replication-
Primary spermatocyte (Diploid, 4N)
-meiosis I-
Secondary spermatocyte (Haploid, 2N)
-meiosis II-
Spermatid (Haploid, N)
-lose cytoplam, gain acrosomal cap, tail)
Spermatozoan (Haploid, N) |
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Term
| Hormone to close epiphyseal plates? |
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Definition
| Estrogen, or testosterone CONVERTED to estrogen at plate. Puberty. |
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Term
| Ovarian estrogen production |
|
Definition
LH stimulates Theca cell desmolase, etc: Cholesterol to Androstenedione
FSH stimulates Granulosa cell aromatase: Androstenedione to Estrogen |
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Term
| When is ovarian follicular growth fastest? |
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Definition
2nd week of proliferative phase (follicular phase)
Dominant follicle has been "chosen" |
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Term
| Menorrhagia vs. Metrorrhagia vs. Menometrorrhagia |
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Definition
Menorrhagia: Heavy bleeding at normal menses time
Metrorrhagia: Bleeding at irregular intervals
Menometrorrhagia: Heavy bleeding at irregular intervals |
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Term
| What can hCG be used for in infertility treatment? |
|
Definition
| Acts like LH - give to simulate LH surge, cause ovulation. |
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Term
| Main source of estrogen after menopause? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral conversion of androgens (aromatase) |
|
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Term
| Best test to confirm menopause? |
|
Definition
| Rise in FSH (loss of inhibin, no negative feedback) |
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Term
| Lack anti-mullerian hormone? |
|
Definition
| Both male and female internal genitalia (males stimulated by testosterone, females not inhibited by AMH), and male external genitalia (DHT). |
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Term
| 5alpha-reductase deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Male internal genitalia (males stimulated by testosterone, females inhibited by anti-mullerian hormone), and ambigous external genitalia until puberty (high testosterone drives DHT production) |
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Term
|
Definition
Esophageal/duodenal atresia (Down syndrome)
Anencephaly (no swallowing center) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of oligohydramnios |
|
Definition
Placental insufficiency
bilateral renal agenesis
posterior urethral valve - inability to excrete urine
(leads to Potter's syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| Quad screen in Down syndrome? |
|
Definition
low AFP
high hCG
low estriol
high inhibin-alpha
+ nuchal translucency |
|
|
Term
| Do leiomyomas become leiomyosarcomas? |
|
Definition
| No - most leiomyosarcomas are de novo. |
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Term
| Follicular cyst v. Corpus luteum cyst v. Theca-lutein cyst |
|
Definition
Follicular: Unruptured graafian follicle. Hyperestrinism, endometrial hyperplasia.
Corpus luteum: Hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum, usually regresses spontaneously.
Theca-lutein: Due to gonadotropin stimulation (ex. high hCG), assoc. with choriocarcinoma, moles. Usually multiple, bilateral. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ovarian germ cell tumor.
High hCG, LDH.
Malignant, equivalent of male seminoma but more rare. Sheets of uniform cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Large, hyperchromatic, syncytiotrophoblastic cells.
high hCG.
Causes theca-lutein cysts.
Associated with complete mole. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
= endodermal sinus tumor
In ovaries, testes, or sacrococcygeal area of CHILDREN.
Yellow, friable, solid masses (like hard-boiled yolk!)
50% have Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli).
High AFP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90% of ovarian germ cell tumors.
Cells from multiple germ layers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= "dermoid cyst"
BENIGN in FEMALES, MALIGNANT in MALES |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ovarian germ cell tumor - MALIGNANT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teratoma with functional thyroid tissue, presents as hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ovarian non-germ cell tumor: 20% of ovarian tumors
Benign, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
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Term
| Serous cystadenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
50% of ovarian tumors - malignant form of cystadenoma.
Frequently bilateral.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
Multilocular cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. Benign. Intestine-like tissue.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
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Term
| Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. |
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
Malignant form of mucinous cystadenoma.
Can lead to *pseudomyxoma peritonei - mets to peritoneal cavity, fills with mucus.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
Benign, looks like bladder epithelium.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
Bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
Meig's syndrome: triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax.
Pulling sensation in groin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Non-germ cell ovarian tumor.
Secretes estrogen, causes precocious puberty, endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma.
Call-Exner bodies: small follicles with eosinophilic secretions.
Abnormal uterine bleeding due to endometrial hyperplasia.
High CA-125 (like ~all non-germ cell ovarian tumors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not a primary ovarian tumor, but common presentation.
Stomach/GI malignancy metastasizes to ovaries, causing mucin-secreting *signet cell adenocarcinoma. |
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Term
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vulva |
|
Definition
| Associated with in utero exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rhabdomyosarcoma variant, presents in vulva of young females.
Spindle-shaped tumor cells, desmin positive.
Grossly, looks like "tan grapes" |
|
|
Term
BPH lobe involvement?
Prostate ca lobe involvement? |
|
Definition
BPH: Periurethral (lateral & middle)
Prostate Ca: Posterior lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in PSA during prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
Increase in total PSA, *decrease in ratio of free/total PSA.
NB: Total and free PSA levels increased for ~24 hrs after ejaculation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Testicular germ-cell tumor.
Malignant, painless, homogenous testicular enlargement.
Most common testicular tumor, males 15-35.
Large cells in lobules, watery cytoplasm, "fried egg" appearance.
Radiosensitive, late metastasis, excellent prognosis. |
|
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Term
| Embryonal carcinoma (male) |
|
Definition
Testicular germ-cell tumor
Malignant, *painful, worse prognosis than seminoma.
Glandular/papillary morphology. Can differentiate to other tumors.
May have high AFP, hCG. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
= endodermal sinus tumor.
Testicular germ-cell tumor.
Yellow, mucinous. Schiller-Duval bodies, high AFP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testicular germ-cell tumor.
Malignant, high hCG.
Syncytiotrophoblastic and cytotrophoblastic elements.
Hematogenous metastases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appearance same as females.
*Unlike females, mature teratoma is most often malignant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testicular non-germ cell tumor.
Reinke crystals (function unknown).
Androgen producing; gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys.
Golden brown color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testicular non-germ cell tumor.
Androblastoma from sex cord stroma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Testicular non-germ cell tumor.
Most common testicular cancer in older men. |
|
|
Term
| Penis: Bowen's disease vs. Erythroplasia of Queyrat vs. Bowenoid papulosis |
|
Definition
All are carcinoma in situ
Bowens: Gray, solitary, crusty plaque. 5th decade. Can progress to SCC, <10%
Queyrat: Red velvety plaque, form of Bowen's.
Bowenoid: Multiple papular lesions, younger age group, does not become invasive. |
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