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| Reform movement using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was launched at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. It meant to seek the common good to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations b/c it would promote a hormonious social order that would increase the quality of life |
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| a feminist activist who cofounded the NOW, aiming to bring women into the mainstream of American society; credited for starting the contemporary feminist movement and writing one of the cornerstones of American feminism, The Feminine Mystique; played a large role in the emergence of women in public matters |
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| a park beneath San Diego’s Coronado Bridge, displaying the country’s outdoor murals, dedicated to the cultural heritage of the Mexican community; Chicano residents stopped its destruction; symbolic representation of Chicano pride |
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| the concept that lower class cultures should create a united society arising from their common conditions and interests, stressing separation from the whites; showed how lower class cultures attempted to create space for themselves and backed black power movement |
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| social event in Harlem in the 1920s primarily for black gays/drag queens to interact privately; showed how the creation of gay public space was difficult for blacks |
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| he sense of activity, community, and culture in a space |
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| he late 20th century Republican party strategy of winning elections in Southern states by exploiting the anti-African American racism among Southern white voters and appealing to states’ rights |
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| a skateboarding documentary reflecting the altering inner city culture and environment and the effects of deindustrialization in the 20th century; illustrates a multi-ethnic mix of non-traditional dysfunction in the inner city’s deindustrialization; shows appropriation of urban spaces by various subcultures as a form of resistance |
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| term coined in the late 19th century meaning when a woman would accept gifts for companionship or sexual favors, ranging from holding hands to intercourse; distinguished itself from prostitution, money was never exchanged; reflected working class social behaviors |
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| an early American homophile organization formed to protect and improve upon the rights of homosexuals in the 20th century; pushed back against negative attitudes and assumptions about homosexuals; example of growing gay communication network nationally |
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| Ocean Hill Brownsville Controversy |
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| a crisis that occurred in May 1968 when the community control board in the black ghetto of Ocean Hill-Brownsville fired several white teachers with no legitimate charges, triggering teacher strikes lasting two months; this heightened tensions between blacks and whites; helped substitute race for religion, ethnicity, and class as the primary dividing factor in New York politics and social relations |
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| Federal Housing Act of 1968 |
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| prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing-related transactions, based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin; this attempts to stop racial segregation in home transactions but lacks the enforcement aspect; not an effective federal measure as govt tried to play a role in urban development |
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| Interstate Highway Act of 1956 |
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| a bill allowing for the mass construction of the interstate highway system; up until this point, the majority of middle income white collar jobs were still in urban spaces but not anymore because commutes from urban to suburb was much quicker; first time the federal govt involved in standardized road construction |
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1) a social occasion where tenants hosted their own entertainment alternative to the unaffordable public night life to raise money to pay their rent, originating in Harlem during the 1920’s; for mostly the black and homophile population, this served as an entertainment space away from the “white” public space for a fraction of the price; enhanced the expression of black culture and homosexuality
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| a prominent black power activist during the Civil Rights Movement; helped create a more militant, pro-African approach to injustice, especially targeted institutional racism; key figure in movement of transnational awareness and identity |
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1) an organization formed during the Civil Rights Movement to advocate African American rights and black power with a Marxist influence; took a more militant approach to defending blacks and provided social services to constituents; helped create a national awareness and identity for black power
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1) a conflict that arose in 1965 mainly concerning segregation coming from politics toward public housing for blacks in Chicago, reaching a climax as MLK was marching in Chicago and getting hit with a brick; illustrated the differences in urban realities between the North and South; illustrates how peaceful civil rights movements turned militant at certain points out of grievance toward city governments
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1) a student founded organization during the Civil Rights Movement that focused on enforcing cultural identity, like black power, and protesting the Vietnam War; backed issues regarding racism and feminism strongly and also began to deter from nonviolence; contributed to the transnational movements to spread awareness and identity
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| a student activist organization founded in the 1960’s that represented the country’s New Left; organized the younger generation to become involved; key protest group during Vietnam War; influenced other groups’ movements and universities were a main setting |
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| ideology of a female essence that attempts to validate what feminists consider undervalued female attributes; this theory positively commends the difference in personality of women from men; adopted during feminist movements in the 20th century to create a broader public space for women |
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1) a law intended to curb the consumption of alcohol; important in boosting morality in society and backing progressivism; the ridding of alcohol would make prostitution harder to accomplish
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| an association formed to provide mutual aid or relief, may it be toward a certain ethnicity, religion, or other basis; provided a social and educational framework for members to contribute to a broader public space |
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| a process from the late 19th to the early 20th century in which road construction and maintenance was taking place; important because the federal govt was financially supporting this; decentralized the city but gave a visual unity to the nation as a whole |
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| the most prominent builder of the 20th century; played a part in urban renewal that required the alignment of many interests but not those of working class/minorities |
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| an ideology that created an environment stressing only positive aspects of life, in the theme parks, this concept was dispersed throughout the park in a way giving a linear progressive sense of place, when corporate realism did something similar; stressed optimism with corporate lead futures that emphasized scientific rationality while reflecting traditional domestic and racial hierarchies |
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19) this came about in the 1970’s as conservatism was revived since it had kind of died down in the 1930’s; this marked an end to an era of big govt
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| a proposition that decreased property taxes and limited annual increases; important because it increased community stability, made housing more affordable, but increased the issue of lack of space for increasing minorities, also increased taxes on other things |
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19) America’s most historical and prominent gay neighborhood gaining attention in the 20th century as a prime location for LGBT activism; an example of a setting where homosexuals continued in attempts to create public space
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19) process in which students were transported to school in a manner overcoming the effects of residential segregation on school demographics
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19) a man who shot a white police officer, sparking the Robert Charles riots of 1900; reflects on how the civil rights movement participants started to digress from being nonviolent in their approach
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19) a co-founder and leader of the Black Panthers; significant figure in promoting black power into the mainstream of society
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| an identification mainly stressed upon by Nixon, referring to the population of blue collars who did not take an active part in politics; claimed as Nixon’s way of dismissing obvious protests going on around the country or to draw attention away from them |
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19) a series of riots in 1943 that erupted in Los Angeles, in which military servicemen targeted primarily Latino youth out of racial tensions and resentment toward the developing youth culture, which included the flamboyant dressing of males in zoot suits at the time; significant case of white-Latino racial tensions while Latinos attempted to form an urban youth subculture
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| arising in the 1940s, a term used to describe a new black and white genre of film reflecting the realistic vice and dark nature of urban settings at the time; directors began taking things from a different perspective, and their films presented actual conflicts at the time, such as the mass distrust of govt after Vietnam |
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