206 bones

20% of body mass

600+

40% body mass.

Composite structure from chondro-,splanchno-, and dermato-

Dermatocranium is dominant in amniotes and provides the middle ear bones and hyoid.

8 bones

Forms the cranium that encloses the brain.

2 major parts: calvaria and base.

14 Bones.

Forms the face, cavities for sensory structures, opening for air and food, secure the teeth.

7 bones.

Cranial, orbits, nasal cav, oral cav, middle ear, inner ear, paranasl sinuses.

With teeth.

Articulates with all facial bones except the mandible.

U-shaped lower jaw.

Only moveable bone in the head/skull.

43.

Facial Expressions (19) ->muscles insert into dermis and pull on skin when contracted.

Chewing and swallowing (19)

Head movement (5)

mouth is the most expressive.

Vertebrae/VC => separated by intervert. disks.

Ribs.

Sternum.

Vertebral Column

33 Vertebrae:

-24 individual

-9 fused

5 regions, 4 curvatures.

Cervical Vertebrae in neck region form Cervical Curvature. (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae form Thoracic Curvature. Rib attachment. (12)

Lumbar Vertebrae in small of back form Lumbar Curvature. (5)

Sacrum: 5 Fused vertebrae in adult form the Pelvic Curvature.

Coccyc: 4 fused vertebrae.

12 pairs of ribs and the sternum.

Each articulates with the VC at two sites:

1) tuberculum (dorsal)

2) Capitulum (ventral)

57 muscles.

Respiration (22 pairs and diaphragm)

Abdominal Muscles (4 pairs)

-layers assist in support and body functions.

Back muscles (5 types)

Contracts to keep you upright.

3 columns that run the length of your back.

Pectoral Girdle (4 bones)

Upper Limb (30 bones/arm)

Pelvic Girdle(2 fused bones)

Lower Limb(30 bones/leg)