Dorsal, Hollow nerve cord

Notocord, long supporting rod under the nerve cord

pharyageal puches

tail beyond the anus

96% chordates are vertebrates

Spinal cord is dorsal, and hollow

have a Vertebral column (replaces notocord)

Back bone made of individual segments

front end of spinal cord grows into a brain

ENDOskeleton

warm blooded

Sun Phylum Vertebrates key features:

feeding

respiration

circulatory

excretion

brain

all forms of feeding

respiration ranges from/with gills and lings

closed circulatory system, well developed heart

gills used for excretion, kidneys also used

advanced brain, same part in same places for all vertebrate

cephlization

Carnivores Digestion

Herbivore Digestion

carnivores ave a short digestive tract, with special enzymes for rapid digestion

Herbivores have a long digestive tract, some multiple stomachs, with bacteria that digest cellulose

sharp teeth-??

flat teeth-??

long thin beak-??

long, narrow-??

snouts-??

sharp teeth carnivore

flat teeth hevivore

long thin filter feeder

long, narrow nectar

nectar snouts

Respiration amphibian

lungs are simple

a sac with a few ridge to increase surface area, also use skin and mouth cavity for respiration

tadpoles use gills

have mucous glands

much more efficent

air is moved in tubes and air sacs

move in 1 direction

gas exchange only when exposed to fresh air

Circulation (heart, loop,)

vertebrate with gills have a-?

*explain system*

single-loop system, 2 chambered heart,

heart pumps blood to gills, to the body, and back to the heart

vertebrate with lungs will generally have a?

* explain system*

double-loop system, 4 chambered heart,

side of heart pumps blood throughout the loop  and to the lings, at the same time the other side of the heart pumps blood to and formt the body

*CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM!!!!*

Excretion:

Fish-

Reptiles-

Birds-

Mammals-

Amphibians-

fish gills remove ammonia, but not effficent enough so kidneys also help

Reptiles ethier excrete ammonia or uric acid

Birds- excrete uric acid

Mammals ecrete urea

Amphibians- ammonia or urea

          all vertebrate have a high degree of cephilization         (clear head, with sense organs)

very complex brains, same parts in same spots

fish

amphibians

reptiles

birds

mammals

Movement:

All vertebrate excpet jawless fish have?

have a vertebral column

2 paris of limbs

Movement *CONTINUED*

Amphibiam legs

Mammal legs

Repitle legs

Amphibian legs stick out sideways

Mammal legs are straight down

Reptile legs are angle downward then down

almost ALL do sexual reproduction

external fertilization in amphibians and fish

development is internal in mammals

external in others

care of young i minimal to none in amphibians

take care of their young

named after their mammary glands

young drink mothers milk

monotemes: egg laying mammals -Platypus

Marsupials:live young complete their evelopment in a external pouch- kangaroos

Placenta mammals: nutrients, oxygen, co2 and wastes echanges through the mothers placenta (LIKE US)

describes the "thing"/ structures have the same function in unrealated species but have different structure

*EX. wings of bats and birds have the same function but different structures*

*cold-blooded* relies on behaviour for body temp

outside weather controls their body temp.

warm-blooded

*LIKE US!!*

body temp stay the same all day

Regulates inside out body not out

Down feathers:

trap air close to them. keeping them warm

Contour feathers provides lifting force, air that goes overtop has little pressure, and air going under can lift the bird up more, so it balances out

sharks and realitives- skelton made of cartilage

Bony fish- tissue called bone

Jawless fish, skeletons made fo fibers called catilage