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a closed system composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. |
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vessel taking blood away from the heart |
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is a vessel returning blood to the heart. |
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Walls of arteries and veins have three coats |
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A. Tunica intima B. Tunica media C. Tunica externa or tunica adventicia |
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1. Layer of simple squamous endothelium 2. Layer of elastic fibers (found only in artery) |
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layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers (veins have more connective tissue fibers mixed with the smooth muscle) |
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Tunica externa or tunica adventicia |
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connective tissue located on the outside. |
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Arteries - Characteristics |
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1. Walls are thicker and contain more smooth muscle. 2. Lumen is round (particularly in smaller vessels) 3. Valves are absent |
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1. Elastic or conducting arteries 2. Distributing or muscular arteries |
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Elastic or conducting arteries |
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large vessels that contain more elastin and muscle fibers. (Aorta and its direct branches) |
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Distributing or muscular arteries |
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distributes blood to various parts of the body and is composed of a thick tunica that constricts and dilates |
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are small arteries that contain all three coats on the arterial end, but are composed of an endothelial lining with a few smooth muscle cells towards the capillary end |
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Smallest are 7-10 microns in diameter |
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are composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane |
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Amount of blood flowing through a capillary is determined by |
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a precapillary sphincter muscle located at the origin of the capillary |
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With few exceptions a capillary should be located within |
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60-80 microns of any tissue cell |
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Capillaries contain approx. |
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250 ml. of blood out of the 5000 ml. of blood flowing through the vessels at any time |
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as the area of exchange between the blood and the body tissues |
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1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Discontinuous |
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adjacent endothelial cells closely joined. |
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capillaries contain large pores covered with the basement membrane. |
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Where are fenestrated capillaries located? |
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Located in the kidneys, endocrine glands, intestines, and choroid plexus of brain |
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larger spaces between the endolthelial cells. |
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where are the discontinuous capillaries located? |
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liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
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connects arteriole to venule |
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are not the direct flow round from arteriole to venule |
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Capillaries come together to make venules composed of a tunica interna and a ternica externa |
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vessels that return blood to the heart |
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1. have less smooth muscle and more connective tissue 2. lumen partially collapsed 3. contain valves |
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1. return blood to heart 2. act as blood reservoirs (approx. 2/3 of blood volume located in veins) |
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junction between two vessels supplying same area |
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two vessels supplying the same area and providing an alternate route for blood flow due to an anastomosis |
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vessels that do not anastomos |
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pressure blood exerts on any vessel |
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Factors that affect arterial pressure |
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Definition
1. cardiac output 2. blood volume 3. peripheral resistance |
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directly proportional to blood pressure. Anything that increases blood volume increases blood pressure. 1. ADH 2. Aldosterone |
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resistance to blood flow by force of friction between blood and walls of vessels |
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Any condition that increases viscosity increases |
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The smaller the diameter of the vessel |
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How many additional miles of capillaries are made for each pound? |
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200 additional miles of capillaries |
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Control of Blood Pressure |
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Increase in heart rate and muscular contractions increases blood pressure. |
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Factors controlling heart rate and force on contractions also affect? |
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Definition
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Factors acting on blood vessels |
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Definition
1. Vasomotor center in medulla controls diameter of blood vessel. 2. Pressoreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus 3. Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus (monitors low oxygen by checking for high hydrogen ions. High carbon dioxide levels lead to high hydrogen ion concentrations. This causes vasoconstriction of non-essential vessels. 4. Higher brain centers - emotions 5. Chemicals 6. Autoregulation - Oxygen is the principal stimulant. Low oxygen causes vasodilator substances to be released. Examples are K+ , H+ , CO2 , lactic acid, and adenosine. This causes localdilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincter muscles. |
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Highest in venules (16 mm Hg) and lowest at junction of vena cava with right atrium (0 mm Hg) |
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Aids venous blood returning to heart |
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1. Pressure differences 2. Sympathetic nerve activity 3. Skeletal muscle pump 4. Pressure difference between thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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Velocity of blood in inversely related to TOTAL cross-sectional area |
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Aorta Capillaries Vena cava |
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cross-sectional area of 2.5 cm2 and velocity of 40 cm/sec. |
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cross-sectional area of 4500 - 6000 cm2 and velocity of .1 cm/sec. |
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cross sectional area of 8 cm2 and velocity of 5 to 20 cm/sec. |
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1. systemic veins 2. systemic arteries 3. Capillaries 4. Head and lungs |
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60% 1. Act as blood reservoirs 2. veins have thinner, less muscular walls, therefore higher compliance. |
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A. Exchange dependent on pressure B. Effective filtration pressure C. Starling's Law of the Capillaries |
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Exchange dependent on pressure |
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1. Blood Hydrostatic Pressure 2. Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure 3. Blood Osmotic Pressure 4. Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure |
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Blood Hydrostatic Pressure |
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blood pressure in capillaries average 35 mm Hg at arterial end and 16 mm Hg at venous end |
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Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure |
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pressure of fluid against cells of tissue and capillaries. Averages O mm Hg. |
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due to large number of plasma proteins in blood. Moves fluid into capillaries. Averages 26 mm Hg at both ends. |
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Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure |
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Definition
due to small number of proteins in interstitial fluid. Averages 1 mm Hg at both ends |
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Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure |
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due to small number of proteins in interstitial fluid. Averages 1 mm Hg at both ends |
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Effective filtration pressure |
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Definition
direction of fluid movement Peff = (BHP + IFOP) - (IFHP + BOP). If the calculations equal a positive number, fluid is flowing from the capillary to the interstitial fluid, but if the calculations equal a negative number fluid is flowing from the interstitial fluid to the capillary. |
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Starling's Law of the Capillaries |
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Definition
amount flowing out of the arterial end almost equal the amount flowing in the venous end and the amount flowing into the lymphatic capillary. |
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alternate expansion and recoil of artery as blood passes through |
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Average pulse is per minute. |
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rapid pulse over 100 beats per minute at rest |
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slow pulse, under 50 beats per minute at rest |
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pressure of blood in arteries |
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pressure of blood in arteries during systole |
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pressure of blood in arteries during diastole |
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Difference in two numbers is called |
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Ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure to pulse pressure should be |
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1. Coronary 2. Hepatic portal circulation 3. Circles of Willis 4. Fetal circulation |
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2. Hepatic portal circulation |
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Definition
veins that drain blood from capillaries in intestines, pancreas, spleen, stomach and gall bladder drain into capillaries in liver. |
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The hepatic vein drains blood from _____and empties blood into the ___________ |
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provides alternate pathway for blood to reach brain in case of arterial occlusion. Also aids in equalizing blood pressure to brain |
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special structures associated with fetus |
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all deoxygenated blood leaving the right ventricle and returning to left atrium
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