Term
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Definition
Acanthocytes
Spur cells
Uneven rbc projections
Seen in liver disease, hemangiosarcoma
Also see in hyperlipidosis
May be artifacts |
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Term
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Definition
Agglutination
Clumping of rbcs
Confused with rouleaux
Seen in IMHA
May need to dilute in saline or plasma |
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Term
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Definition
Anaplasma
Seen in cattle
Anaplasmosis
Blue dot on edge of rbc
Carried by ticks |
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Term
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Definition
Anisocytosis
Variation in size of rbcs
Normal in cow
Increase in responsive anemias
due to younger rbc’s |
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Term
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Definition
Babesia
Species seen in dogs, cattle, horses
Carried by ticks
Large organisms
Often in pairs pear-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
Basophilic stipling
Blue dots in rbcs stained w/ DQ
Associated w/ lead poisoning
especially if see nucleated rbc’s |
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Term
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Definition
Basophilic stipling
Blue dots in rbcs stained w/ DQ
Associated w/ lead poisoning
especially if see nucleated rbc’s |
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Term
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Definition
Camelid rbcs
Alpacas have oval rbcs |
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Term
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Definition
Canine distemper inclusions
May see in rbcs, wbcs, squamous cells
Size varies cell to cell |
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Term
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Definition
Deer rbcs
May see in rbcs, wbcs, squamous cells
Size varies cell to cell |
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Term
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Definition
Echinocytes
Burr cells
Spiculated cells
Even projections from rbc surface
May be artifact
Seen in renal disease, lympho, others |
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Term
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Definition
Eperythrozoan
Seen in swine, sheep, cattle
Various blue structures on edge of rbc |
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocyte
Non-nucleated
Spherical
Stain red
Central pallor in the dog
Most numerous
Use as a ruler
Made in marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Heinz body
(stained with NMB)
Denatured HbG
Common in cats
Abnormal in others
Refractile w/ DQ
Bleb on rbc edge
Blue w/ NMB |
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Term
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Definition
Heinz body
Denatured HbG
Common in cats
Abnormal in others
Refractile w/ DQ
Bleb on rbc edge
Blue w/ NMB |
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Term
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Definition
Howell Jolly body
Nuclear remnant
One per cell
In younger cells
Blue dot (anywhere in cell)
Don’t confuse with parasites |
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Term
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Definition
Hypochromia
Large pale area in center of rbc
Due to lack of hemoglobin
low iron
blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Microcytic hypochromic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Was Hemobartonella canis
Appears as M. haemofelis
Much rarer
Seen in splenectomized dogs |
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Term
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Definition
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Small blue dot on edge of rbc
Often see > 1/ cell
Removed by macrophages
Cause feline infectious anemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nucleated rbcs
Metarubricytes
Seen in responsive anemias
Cytoplasm varies from blue to red
May see in normal animals |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleated rbcs
Metarubricytes
Seen in responsive anemias
Cytoplasm varies from blue to red
May see in normal animals |
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Term
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Definition
Polychromasia
Variation in rbc color from blue to red
See in responsive anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Punched out rbc’s -
drying artifact |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reticulocytes
Reticulum stains w/ NMB
1% WNL in dogs
In cats count aggregate ones
High in responsive anemias |
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Term
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Definition
Rouleaux
Stacking of rbcs
Normal in horse
Increases in some diseases |
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Term
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Definition
Schistocytes
AKA Schizocytes
RBC fragments
Sign of IV trauma
Seen in DIC
& in vascular neoplasms, Fe deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Spherocytes
Seen in IMHA
Hard to tell in species other than dogs
Smaller rbcs
Denser staining |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Trypanosomes
Many species
Affect many animals
Rare in U.S.
Carried by biting insects
Large extra-cellular parasite |
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Term
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Definition
Made in bone marrow in adult
can occur in spleen, nodes, liver
Size varies with species
smallest in goats (~3 microns)
largest in dogs (~7 microns)
Life span varies- RE cells remove
110 days in dogs, 70 days in cats |
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Term
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Definition
Contain hemoglobin
respiratory pigment-causes red color
carries oxygen
Normally production = loss
if loss > production anemia
Anemia a sign in many diseases
appearance provides info on cause |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in in RE system
Hemoglobin breaks down to…
globin- reused
iron- reused
unconjugated bilirubin- to liver |
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Term
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Definition
BC count & hemoglobin
useful to calculate indices
MCV & MCHC
ErythPCV most accurate test
Rrocyte morphology
Reticulocyte count (in anemia)
responsive vs. non-responsive |
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Term
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Definition
Varies with laboratory
Dogs- 37-55%, mean 45%
Cats- 30-45%, mean 37%
Horse- 32-57%, mean 42%
Cow- 24-42%, mean 34% |
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Term
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Definition
From juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney
Released when oxygen levels drop
Stimulates bone marrow to release rbcs and increase production
If occurs than responsive anemia
aka regenerative anemia |
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Term
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Definition
One rubriblast makes 16 rbcs
Takes at least 7 days before release
Mitosis stops at rubricyte stage
Mature to metarubricyte
Then to polychromatophil
reticulocyte
Then to mature rbc |
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Term
| How to Correct the wbc count |
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Definition
Nrbcs counted as leukocytes
If present must correct count
add nrbcs to diff (#/100 wbcs)
(100 wbcs/100 + # nrbcs) X count
Assume 30,000 count & 36 nrbcs
i.e. 100/100 + 36= 100/136 x 30,000= 22,058 corrected count |
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Term
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Definition
Intra & extra cellular ones exist
Most are bacteria or protozoa
Require some intermediate host
Vary from blue dots to larger organisms with visible nuclei
Produce responsive anemias
Direct visualization is diagnostic |
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Term
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Definition
PCV, rbc count, HbG
calculate indices
RBC morphology
Reticulocyte count
looking for increase in dogs/cats
presence in ruminants
Bone marrow exam |
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Term
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Definition
Mix blood with NMB (1:1)
Let sit 10 minutes
Make smear
Count retics per 1,000 rbcs
divide by 10 to get %
Calculate reticulocyte count (%)
if count 56 retics, then 5.6 % |
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Term
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Definition
Must correct for the fewer mature rbcs in anemic animal
Multiply observed retic count times observed PCV/normal PCV
i.e. 5.6 % x 20/45 = 2.4%
corrected lower than observed
use PCV = 45 in dog, 35 in cat |
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Term
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Definition
Multiply corrected retic count by the erythrocyte count
If corrected retics = 2.4%
and if 3,500,000 rbcs/l, then…
0.024 x 3,500,000 = 84,000 retics/l
increased if above normal |
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Term
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Definition
Mean corpuscular volume- MCV
average size of rbc
if > normal- macrocytosis
if < normal- microcytosis
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration- MCHC
average HbG in rbc
Hypochromia or normochromia |
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