Term
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Definition
-The study of ds, any alteration from a normal state of health -Pathologist studies ds, accurate dx of ds, dermines etiology of ds (cause) -Necropsy (post mortem exam): evaluate tissue grossly or microscopically - histopathology |
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Term
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Definition
Protective response of the body to fight infection from pathogens (ds causing agents) signs of inflammation: - Heat, redness, swelling, pain, function loss - Vasodilation increase blook flow: increase temp. and redness - Swelling: decrease blood flow and edema - Pain/loss of function: pressure peripheral nerves |
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Term
Cells of Inflammatory Process |
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Definition
-Neutrophils: 1st on site, phagocytosis, release lysosomal enzymes -Eosinophils: seen if there are parasite/allergic reactions, phagocytosis, release of lysosomal enzymes -Lymphocytes: humoral antibodies and cellular immunity -Monocytes: seen circulating, become activated macrophages in tissue (histiocytes) - phagocytosis, release lysosomal enzymes -Mast cells: produce heparin and histamine |
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Term
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Definition
Exudate: visible product of inflammatory process Cellular debris, fluids, deposited cells in tissues and on surfaces - Serous: fluid, low protein content,eg)blister, seroma - Fibrinous: fibrin from fibrinogen eg) hardware ds -Purulent/suppurative: neutrophils, cellular debris eg)abscess -Hemorrhagic, mucopurulent, eosinophilic, nonsuppurative |
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Term
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Definition
-Vasodilation from mast cell histamine -increase vascular permeability: contraction of blood vessel endothelial cells -Proteins pass from blood into site -Influx of WBCs and RBCs into site -Congestion of blood vessel leads to next step |
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Term
Healing and Repair Tissues |
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Definition
-Begind with edges of the wound surfaces closing together -Proliferation fibroblasts and endothelial cells from a collangenous matrix -Reepithelialization: wound surface is recovered with epithelium. -End result fribrosis or scarring |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious organisms causing ds in host -parasites: adapted to live w/in or on host, deriving all nutrients from host (largest pathogens)
-Bacteria:microscopic, unicellular, gram + or - (stapylococci, streptococci, bacilli, rickettsiae, mycoplamas, chlamydiae) -Viruses: extremely small, not visible vis microscope, enter body, attach to/invade cell, destroy it
-Fungi: eukaryotic, no chlorophill (has variability) Many Species, organ system or organ specific |
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Term
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Definition
Trauma: physical wound/injury, resulting in tissue necrosis/hemorrhage -mechanical, sonic, thermal, electrical injuries, temp extremes and irradiation -wound-physical injury, disruption of normal structures -Abraision-injury, epithelium removed from tissue surface - Contusion-bruise/injury, no breaking of the tissue surface -Laceration-tear or jagged wound -Concussion-violent shock or jarring of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-Antibodies (Ab) produced against particular pathogen -Natural immunity-exposure to pathogen by natural means, not Vx - may have previous illness from infection and produced antibodies during the ds -Antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins (Ig) -IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
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Term
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Definition
IgG = gamma (colostrum, immunity to newborn) IgM = mew (activation of compliment) IgA = alpha (mucosal immunity) IgE = epsilon (allergic response) IgD = delta (b-lymphoctye (they are used in humoral immunity and originate in bone marrow) surface antigen) |
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Term
Immune Response: Cell-mediated |
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Definition
T-lymphocytes and macrophages -T-lymphocytes bind pathogen to cell surface -Presents to macrophage-phagocytize and kill -T-lymphocytes may produce specific cytokines (lymphokines, interleukin-1 or -2) -Cytokines stimulate to become more efficient in phagocytosis and pathogen destruction, recruit more T-lymphocytes |
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Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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Definition
-Abnormally severe inflammatory response mediated by immune system -Type I : immediate -Type II: cytotoxic -Type III: immune complex -Type IV: delayed |
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Term
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction: Immediate |
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Definition
-occur w/in mins of exposure to Antigen (Ag) -Mediated by IgE on mast cell surface (of mucosa and connective tissue) -degranulation:vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction -severity:location, #mast cells, route of exposure, amt. of antigen (Ag) eg)urticaria of hives (mild) to acute anaphylaxis (sever) |
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Term
Type II and Type III Hypersentivity Reaction |
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Definition
Type II: cytotoxic, destruction of certain cells by neutrophils and macrophages or activation complement -eg)blood transfusion reaction Type III: immune complex, from antigen and antibody interaction, macrophages gather in area to destroy complex - inflammation -eg) rheumatoid arthritis, equine viral arteritis |
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Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction |
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Definition
-Delayed, occur hrs after sensitized animals again exposed to particular anitgen (Ag) -Peak at 24hrs post-exposure -Mediated by sensitized T-lymphocytes eg)tuberculin test in cattle |
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Term
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Definition
-Community's effor to prevent ds and promote life and health -Epidemology: study of occurences of ds and risk factors cause ds in population -Food Hygiene - inspection and processing of animals for food - Drug residues from medications given - Protect animal and plant resources |
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Term
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Definition
- Diseases transmitted bet. animals and people - monitoring and surveillance, evaluating risk, treatment/ decreased contact with infected animals, breaking cycle of ds - controle eg)spraying for mosquitos, use of tick repellants, pasteurization of milk, adequate water filtration, proper cooking and handling food - rabies, hantavirus, ringworm, scabies,larva migrans, anthrax, cat-scratch fever, leptospirosis, salmonellas, tetanus, Lyme Ds, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis |
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Term
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Definition
-Immune system - cells, tissues, organs and organ systems involved in body's defense mechanisms -Passive immunity - maternal antibodies from colostrum, physicochemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) -Active immunity - developed or acquired, humoral or cell-mediated |
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Term
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Definition
Humoral immunity mediated by production of antibodies Antigens capable of generating an immune response (bacteria, viruses, parasites, even body's own tissues) Cell-mediated dependent on cells, especially #1 T-lymphocytes: recognize and help remove antigens, lyse infected/cancerous cells/organism |
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Term
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Definition
Natural: components of immune system present continuously (skin, mm, body fluids, cells), physical +/- chemical barrier to invasions by antigens (Ag) Adaptive: involved in reacting to specific Ag (WBCs, biochemicals) Completment system: series of enzymes reacting in steps, to lyse Ag, from Ab (Antibody) |
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Term
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Definition
B-lymphocytes transform into plasma cells, after antigenic stimulation Antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced B-lymphocytes and plasma cells stay in lymphoid tissue, antibodies released into plasma Natural or acquired through Vx |
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Term
Cell-Mediated Immune Response |
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Definition
T-lymphocytes transform after antigenic stimulation
Produce cytokines (lymphokines) to stimulate macrophages, attract more T-lymphocytes, enter circulation Macrophages for phagocytosis, pathogen destruction (side note: then lymphokines call/attract macrophages which recruit more T-lymphocytes to transform into cytokine, macrophages destroy invaders)
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Term
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Definition
Natural and adaptive defenses Eosinophils and basophils release chemicals when Ag invades, activate other aspects of immune system Neutrophils phagocytosis, some can process antigen, present to cells to trigger cascade reactions - antibody formation Respiratory, digestive and urinary systems contain resident neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
Monocytes - tissue macrophages, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation Lymphocytes-primary cell antibody production systems - T-lymphocytes:full activation of B-lymphocytes and direct attack on antigen (cellular immunity) -B-lymphocytes: macrophage or neutrophil presents antigen, sensitized, secretes antibody. Re-encounter antigen, produce antibody quickly = memory (humoral immunity |
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Term
Antibodies (Ab)or Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
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Definition
Protein molecules produced by some B-lymphocytes when exposed to substance recognized as foreign (Ag) 5 types in most mammals: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, different forms and functions Immunological tests for viral and parasitic ds, immunassays on blood, (urine,feces, saliva): ELISA or ICT |
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Term
Failure of Passive Transfer |
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Definition
Inadequate absorption of colostrum (first milk) of failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies - increase susceptibility to infection and sepsis Foals generally born with decreased circulating immunoglobulin, occurs in 25% of all foals Ig must be absorbed by GI cells soon after birth (foals:6hrs), or will be lost |
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Term
Neonatal Isoetrythrolysis |
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Definition
Young inherits RBC Ag from sire, not present in dam (Humans: Rh+) Dam sensitized to foreign RBC Ag (humans: mother is Rh-, produces Ab against Rh+) Dam's response increases due to transplacental hemorrhage (leakage of fetal blood through placenta) or repeated pregnancies Newborn suckles, ingests colostrum and increase antibodies to own RBCs Widespread lysis of newborn RBCs (hemolytic anemia) |
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Term
Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) |
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Definition
Accelerated destruction or removal of RBCs due to anti RBC antibody Pale mucous membranes, anemia, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea No genetic basis, isolated families affected (viszula, scottish terriers) Seen in Dogs, rarely in cats, mean age 5-6yrs and more in females then in males |
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Term
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Definition
Primary: -Autoimmune, Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE), neonatal isoerythrolysis, dyregulated immune system, infectious agents, drugs, idiopathic Secondary: -Infectious agents (hemobartonella, Babesia, vasculitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), drugs, Type III hypersentitivity reaction |
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Term
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Definition
-Acute hemolytic crisis -IV fluids -Meds: steroids, cytotoxic drugs (chemotherapeutic agent) -Blood Tranfusions -Splenectomy -Life-long treatment, recurrence (common), often fatal |
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Term
Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma |
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Definition
Sarcoma developing at the site of injection, vaccine or other; onset 2 mos-10yrs after Prevalence 1-10 cases/10000cats Reaction to adjuvant in FeLV and Rabies Vx? Aggressive malignant tumors (often fibrosarcoma) with metastasis Aggressive surgery and radation therapy |
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Term
Vx Associated Sarcoma or Vaxosarcoma |
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Definition
"adjuvants are dif bet. manufacturer, no single brand of Vx has been singled out" Critical aspects of tumor development -chronic, low grade inflammatory process (as might be caused by and adjuvanted Vx -genetic predisposition to form tumors in response to such inflammation Cat's genetics are right for it, offending injection need not be a Vx Other injectables generate enough inflammation to generate a sarcoma -(though no injectable medication generates a comparable amount of inflammation to an adjuvanted Vx)
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth -Tumor: a mass of abnormally growing cells that serve no useful function -Neoplasm, tumor, mass, growth -Benign: unchecke growth cells, does not destroy surrounding tissues, but can impair function and space-occupy causing dysfunction -Malignant (CANCER): invades surrounding tissue or spreads to distant sites (metastasis) |
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Term
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Definition
The branch of medicine that deals with tumors including their development, diagnosis, treatment and prevention -FNA, Biopsy, histopathology -Surgery -Chemotherapy -Radiation Therapy -Palliative Care |
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Term
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Definition
-Adenocarcinoma -Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma -Lymphoma -Mast cell tumour -Melanoma -Osteosarcoma -Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Husbandry -tempurature, light, ventiliation -housing -nutrition -animal id: tag. tattoo, microchip Vaccination + preventative medication (heartworm, deworming) Sanitation |
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Term
Factors Predisposing to Ds |
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Definition
-Genetic factors -geneder, inherited mutations, immunodeficiencies, inbreeding -Dietary factors -Environmental factors -Metabolic factors -Wellness programs -wellness exams, diagnostics, client education |
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Term
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Definition
-choosing and recording Vx sites -mostly SQ or IM. Do NOT give IN (intranasal) by injection -canine: RH (Rabies), LH, RF, LF, IN, interscapular? -feline:RH (rabies), LH (FeLV), RF or LF (FVRCP), IN -equine: R or L neck, R or L hip -bovine: R or L neck, R or L hip (not in food producing animals - hip) |
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Term
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Definition
Local -inflammation (heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function), abscess, cellulitis, granuloma, vaxosarcoma -FNA after 3wks +/- biopsy, excision Systemic -pyrexia, general malaise -salivation, vomiting, diarrhea (not car sickness?) -pruritis, urticaria, edema (swelling muzzle,face,ears) -dyspnea, cyanosis |
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Term
Treatment of Vaccine (Hypersensitivity) Reactions |
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Definition
-Observe all in clinic 15-30mins post Vx, routinely -return ASAP if any concerns -RECORD on file! -Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), corticosteriods (dexamethazone, prednasone), epinephrine, IV fluids, oxygen, life support -Next time: pre-treat with benadryl, give monovalent -Vx admit and observe at clinic for day, or dont Vx -Vx titre: measures humoral not cell-mediated immunity, difficult to interpret levels, challenge? |
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Term
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Definition
-concurrent ds: chronic ds, pyrexia, immunodeficiencies, chemotherapy -pregnancy:before breeding. If necessary, killed Vx 2wk, before due date -Vx protocols -Travel: R Vx schedule, if 1st at 12 wks, repeat at 1 yr. it 1st at 16wks, repeat 1y later (1yr 4 mos) |
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Term
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Definition
Distemper D Adenovirus/Hepatitis A Parvovirus P Rabies R (Bordetella) (Bb or KC) Preventative medicine program |
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Term
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Definition
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis FVR Calicivirus C Panleukopenia P Rabies R (Feline Leukemia Virus) (FeLV) |
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Term
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Definition
Tetanus Equine encephalitis (Eastern, Western, Venezuelan) Equine influenza Rhinopneumonitis Rabies Preventative medicine program |
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Term
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Definition
Rotavirus Coronavirus Clostridal ds Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Parainfluenza-3 Bovine virus diarrhea Rabies Preventative Medicine program |
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Term
Vaccines available for Dogs |
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Definition
Rabies (R or RV) Distempter (D or CD) Parvovirus (P) Canine hepatitis (ICH or CAV-1)/adenovirus (A2 or CAV-2) Bordetella (Bb or KC:Kennel Cough) Parainfluenza Leptospirosis Coronavirus (C or CCV) Giardia Borreliosis or Lyme disease |
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Term
Vaccines available for Cats |
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Definition
Rabies (R or RV) Panleukopenia (P or FPV) Rhinotracheitis (FVR or Rh) Calicivirus (C) Chlamydophila (Ch) - was Chlamydia Feline Leukemia (FeLV or FIV) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb or KC: Kennel cough) Ringworm Giardia |
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Term
Vaccines available for Horses |
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Definition
Rabies (R or RV) Tetanus Encephlomyelitis (EEE, WEE, VEE) Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV or EVR: equine viral rhinopneumonitis Influenza Strangles Equine viral arteritis (EVA) Botulism Anthrax Sarcocytis neurona West Nile virus (WNV) |
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Term
Vaccines available for Cattle |
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Definition
Rabies (R or RV) BOVINE RESPIRATORY DS COMPLEX Vx: -Parainfluenza-3 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Bovine respiratory syncytial virus Manheimia hemolytica (was Pasturella hemolytica) and Pasturella multocida Hemophilus somnus Clostridial ds Leptospirosis Campylobacteriosis Brucellosis Trichomoniasis Anthrax Anaplasmosis Enteric Ds (rotavirus, coronavirus, E.coli) Moraxella |
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Term
Gastrointestinal Ds Acute Vomiting |
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Definition
-forcful expulsion of gastric contents of short duration -regurgiation is passive retrograde movementof esophageal contents -Nausea: yawning, lip licking, increase salivation, frequent swallowing, retching, hiding -lethargy, appetite loss, diarrhea -duration and frequency of vomiting and contents -ingestion of unusual food or foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
Adverse food reactions and indiscretions, food intolerances Drugs (antibiotics, steroids, NSAIDs) GI inflammation: infectious enteritis - viruses eg)parvo, distemper, corona - bacteria eg) salmonella, campylobacter GI inflammation: hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) Gastroduodenal ulcers Gi obstruction (foreign bodies, intussesception, neoplasia, volvulus, ileus, constipation) Systemic ds (renal, hepatic, sepsis, electrolyte imbalance) Abdominal disorders (pancreatitis, peritonitis, pyometra) Endocrine ds (Addison's, DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis) Neurologic ds (vestibular ds, meningitis, encephlitis, CNS trauma) Parasites (tapeworms, whipworms, hookworms, roundwrms, giardia) Toxins (lead, antifreeze, mushrooms, household plants, compost) Other: anaphylaxis, heat stroke, motion sickness, pain, fear PE findings Dehydration: dry +/- pale mucous membranes, increased skin tent, hypovolemia causing tachycardia, weak pulses Fluid filled bowel loops, excessive gut sounds Abdominal pain (foreign body, intussesception, torsion) Arrythmia if hypokalemic Often diarrhea or melena (blood in the stool) on thermometer, rectal exam Fever with infectious, inflammatory causes |
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Term
Treatment of Acute Vomiting |
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Definition
nothing by mouth 12-24hrs offer water, then small amts of bland diet Introduce normal diet slowly aftger 3 days Serious vomiting requires IV fluid, hospitalization, diagnostic (blood work, X-rays) Antiemtics if electrolyte +/- acid-base disturbances or reflux esophagitis - phenothiazines: chlorpromazine, metoclopramide - H1 or H2 receptor anatgonists: diphenhydramine or ranitidine/femotidine - gastric protectant: sucralfate Antibiotics if fever or mucosal injury (hematemesis, melena (blood in the stool) |
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Term
Causes of Chronic Vomiting |
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Definition
-All causes of acute vomiting -Esophageal ds -Infectious ds and parasites -Metabolic ds (renal, hepatic, Addison's, hyperthyroidism, chronic pancreatitis) -Inflammatory bowel ds (IBD) -Obstructive GI ds and Neoplasia -Neurologic (CNS inflammation, tumour) -Motility disorders -Congenital (portosystemic shunt - PSS) In cats: -obstructive: hairballs -Inflammatory: cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis -Functional: obstipation, megacolon |
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Term
Treatment of Chronic Vomiting |
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Definition
-Spcific tx, eliminate underlying causes, supportive therapy -NPO (nothing by mouth) for several days -fluid therapy, correct acid-base +/- electrolyte (K+) imbalances -enteral or parenteral nutrition -dietary feeding trial: single-source novel protein for 4-6 weeks -surgery if uncontrolled hemorrhage, obstruction or perforation |
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Term
Medical Therapy for Chronic Vomiting |
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Definition
-anti-ulcer meds if hematemesis, melena - H2 receptor blockers/ proton pump inhibitors: rantidine, famotidine/omeprazole - gastric protectant: sucralfate -Antibiotics if Helicobacter associated gastritis, with corticosteriods if IBD, or for SIBO -Anthelminthics -Prokinetics (metoclopramide, cisapride) -Antiemetics if unresponsive to tx of underlying ds or side effect of chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
Recent onset of abnormally frequent soft or fluid feces or rectal discharge Most frequent in puppies/kittens Usually self limiting Severe if concurrent vomiting, abdominal pain, blood in diarrhea or vomit, severe dehydration and depression |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic illness Adverse food reactions and indiscretion, food intolerances Metabolic ds Obstruction or Foreign Bodies Infectious: viral, bacterial, parasites Drugs and toxins |
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Term
Treatment of Acute Diarrhea |
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Definition
Oral fluids if not vomiting, SQ or IV fluids as required Limit exposure to unusual foods, garbage, foreign bodies Meds -motility-modifying (loperamide) -anti-secretory (opiates, anticholinergics, cholorpromazine, salicylates eg)bismuth subsalicylate aka pepto bismal) -intestinal protectants -anthelminthics, antiprotozoals, coccidiostatics -Broad spectrum antibiotics? |
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Term
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Definition
all causes of acute diarrhea IBD or colitis (more common in dogs)
Neoplasia Malabsorption and maldigestion Infection Partial obstruction Dietary Metabolic |
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Term
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea in Cats |
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Definition
IBD Neoplasia Parasitic Metabolic disorders Infectious: bacterial, viral (FeLV, FIV, FIP) Malabsorption and maldigestion Dietary |
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Term
Treatment of Chronic Diarrhea |
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Definition
Specific tx, eliminate underlying causes, supportive therapy Client education: complete resolution may not be possible despite correct dx and tx Fecal exams often negative with whipworm-infested dogs: intermittent shedding of ova. Tx fenbendazole low-fat, highly digestible (bland) diet 3-4 week. Dietary feeding trial: single source novel protein for 4-6weeks or hypoallergenic diet In cats, empirical tx: dietary management and mentronidazole, some clinical improvement (IBD may predispose to GI neoplasia) |
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Term
Diagnosis of Vomiting/Diarrhea |
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Definition
-HISTORY!! -Physical exam -fecal exam, sample of vomitus, selected diagnositics, specific/symptomatic therapy -CBC, Chem, UA (urinalysis) -Parvovirus test? -Survey radiographs -Appropriate specific/supportive therapy -ACHT stim, cPLI, bile acids, Lepto serology? Coagulation tests? -Barium contrast, air contrast gastrogram, BIPS -Ultrasound, aspirates or biopsy, abdominocentesis -Flexible GI endoscopy (exam, biopsy, foreign body retreival) -Laparoscopy (aspirates, intestinal biopsy) -Exploratory laparotomy |
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Term
Canine, feline, equine, bovine Vx Rabies (R or RV) |
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Definition
fatal zoonotic rhabdovirus infection of all warm-blooded animals, causes neurological signs; transmitted by bite or infected body fluid. RV required by public health agencies for licensure of dogs and recomended for cats, horses and cattle.
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Term
Canine Vx Distemper (D or Cd) |
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Definition
highly contatgious paramyxovirus infection in canines that is associated with respiratory, digestive, muscular and neurologic signs |
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Term
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Definition
highly contagious parvovirus infection in canines that is associated with severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and leukopenia (low WBC)
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Term
Canine Vx Canine Hepatitis (H, ICH, or CAV-1)/Adenovirus (A2 or CAV-2) |
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Definition
highly contagious adenovirus 1 infection associated with occular ("blue eye"), abdominal, and liver signs / adenovirus 2 infection that causes signs of upper respiarotory ds. Vaccination with either offers immunity against both but safer to use CAV-2 |
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Term
Canine Vx Bordetella (Bb or KC: kennel cough) |
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Definition
upper respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica that produces a severe hacking cough; infectious tracheobronchitis |
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Term
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Definition
paramyxovirus infection that contributes to upper respiratory infections and causes subclinical bronchitis
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Term
Canine, Bovine Vx Leptospirosis |
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Definition
Bacterial disease caused by various serotypes of Leptospira; signs include renal failure, jaundice, fever and abortion
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Term
Canine Vx Coronavirus (C or CCV) |
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Definition
coronavirus that causes GI ds in dogs that is usually spread through contaminated feces
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Term
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Definition
enteric infections caused by trophozoit and cyst forms of Giardia Sp. protozoal organism; common in dogs younger then 6mons or immunocompromised dogs; recurrent diarrhea most common sign; may have frequent exposure to Giardia-laden contaminated water |
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Term
Canine Vx Borreliosis or Lyme Ds |
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Definition
bacterial ds caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, Transporte by a tick vector;associated with fever, anorexia, joint disorders, and occaisionally neurologic signs |
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Term
Feline Vx Panleukopenia (P or FVP) |
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Definition
parvovirus infection that is associated with fever,vomiting, diarrhea, and a decrease in all types of WBC; commonly called feline distemper |
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Term
Feline Vx Rhinotracheitis (FVR or Rh) |
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Definition
herpesvirus infection that is associated with upper respiratory and ocular infections; recurrent conjunctivitis or corneal ulcers can occur
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Term
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Definition
picornavirus infection that is associated with upper respiratory and ocular infections; oral ulceration (on tongue) can be seen |
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Term
Feline Vx Chalmydophila (Ch) - was Clamydia |
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Definition
bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila felis (was chlamydia psittaci) that is associated with upper respiratory and ocular infections |
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Term
Feline Vx Feline Leukemia (FeLV or FL) |
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Definition
feline retrovirus that that may produce elevated numbers of abnormal leukocytes, immune suppression, cancer and illness associated with immune suppression |
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Term
Feline Vx Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) |
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Definition
lentivirus infection in felines that initially presents with fever and lymphadenopathy that over a long progresses to a wide range of clinical signs such as anemia, lethargy, weight loss and secondary infections
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Term
Feline Vx Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) |
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Definition
coronavirus infection that is characterized by an insidious onset, fever and weight loss. The wet form has peritoneal or pleural effusions (or both), whereas the dry form had pygranulomas in any location
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Term
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Definition
contagious, common flaky skin lesions caused by Microsporum canis fungus |
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Term
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Definition
highly fatal bacterial ds caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani that is associated with hyperesthesia, tetany and convulsions; also called lockjaw |
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Term
Equine Vx Encephalomyelitis (Eastern-EEE, Western-WEE, Venezuelan-VEE) |
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Definition
mosquito-transmitted infectious alphaviral disease of horses that is associated with motor irritation, paralysis and altered consciouness; 3 types: EEE,WEE, VEE; also known as sleeping sickness
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Term
Equine Vx Equine Herpesvirus 1+4 (EHV or EVR:equinw viral rhinopneumonitis) |
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Definition
4-types:EHV-1 associated with neurological from of rhinopneumonitis and late-gestation abortions, stillbirths and weak neonatal foals that will fail to survive. EHV-4 most frequently associated with upper respiratory tract ds in young horses and rarely causes abortion. Current Vx contain protect against both strains |
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Term
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Definition
myxovirus infection that is associated with mild fever, watery eyes and persistant cough; commonly called flu. Current Vaccines contain inactivated A/1 and A/2 strains |
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Term
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Definition
contagious bacterial ds caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi signs include high fever, nasal discharge, anorexia and swollen and abscessed mandibular lymph nodes. Vaccines may cause postinjection reactions, including purpura hemorrhagica (immune-mediated vasculitis), or abscesses at injection site. Vaccine reserved for immunologically naive high risk horses. IN now available |
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Term
Equine Vx Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) |
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Definition
togavirus infection of horses that is associated with upper respiratory ds signs, abortion and lesions in small arteries |
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Term
Equine Vx Potomac Horse Fever |
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Definition
rickettsial bacterial ds caused by Ehrlinchia risticii; sign include fever, anorexia, incoordination, diarrhea and edema of the extremities; also called equine ehrlichiosis. Efficacy of vaccine unknown |
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Term
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Definition
disease caused by bacterium Clostridium botulinum type B (type C not yet available); vaccination or mares 30 dyas before foaling for prevention of shaker foal syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Bacillus anthracis, characterized by septicemia and sudden death
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Term
Equine Vx Sarcocytis Neuroma |
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Definition
protozoal parasite of opposums, with horses as accidental dead-end host; causes neurologic signs of spinal cord and brain stem |
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Term
Equine Vx West Nile Virus (WNV) |
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Definition
mosquito-borne viral encephalitis that entered the US in 1999. Affected horses may exhibit atraxia, paralysis, depression, head pressing, head tilt, seizure and death |
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Term
Bovine respiratory ds complex vaccines Parainfluenza-3 |
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Definition
paramyxovirus infection associated with fever, cough and diarrhea; common in cattle shipped to feedlot: shipping fever
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Term
Bovine respiratory Ds complex Vaccines Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) |
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Definition
herpesvirus infection associated with fever, hyperemia of the muzzle (red nose), anorexia, tachycardia, and abortions |
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Term
Bovine respiratory Ds complex Vaccines Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) |
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Definition
togavirus infection associated with acute stomatitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea, abortions or birth of malformed calves. Chronic from is mucosal ds
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Term
Bovine respiratory Ds complex Vaccines Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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Definition
paramyxovirus infection associated with fatal pneumonia
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Term
Bovine respiratory Ds complex Vaccines Mannheimia hemolytica (was Pasteurella hemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida |
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Definition
bacterial infection with signs such as fever, cough,dyspnea, mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, and death if severe due to primary fibrinous pneumonia or pleuritis
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Term
Bovine respiratory Ds complex Vaccines Hemophilus somnus |
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Definition
second to Mannheimia hemolytica with septicemi, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, polyarthritis or thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME or sleeper's syndrome) |
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Term
Bovine Vx Clostridial Disease |
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Definition
group of bacterial infectious conditions caused by various species of Clostridium, which includes blackleg, malignant edema, pulpy kidney and overeating disease
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Term
Bovine Vx Campylobacteriosis (Vibrosis) |
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Definition
Campylobacter fetus venereal bacterial infection associated with infertility and irregular estrous cycles; breeding stock should be vaccinated
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Term
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Definition
caused by Brucella abortus, results in late-term abortion in cows and orchitis and impaired fertility in bulls. Zoonosis, causes undulant fever in humans |
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Term
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Definition
venereal protozoal disease caused by Tritrichomonas fetus; causes infertility, early abortion or pyometra; no systemic illness. Bull is asymptomatic carrier |
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Definition
rickettsial infection by Anaplasma marginale with severe anemia (pale mucous membranes, weakness, depression or aggressive behaviour, increase heart rate and respiration rate) and sudden death |
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Term
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Definition
rotavirus, coronavirus and enterotoxigengic strains of E.coli can all cause severe diarrhea, dehydration and sudden death if severe, especially in newborn calves |
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Term
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Definition
Moraxella bovis is the main cause of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis or pinkeye characterized by epiphora, blephorspasm, photophobia, chemosis and corneal ulcers, edema and perforation
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Tooth Root Abscess |
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Definition
Description: - localized collection of pus cavity formed by disintigrations of tissues -inflammatory cells at apex of nonvital tooth, usually deciduous or adult canine (#104, 204,304,404) or carnassial ( #108, 208, 309,409) Etiology: damage to pulp and/or fracture of crown from chewing hard objects, malocclusion, fighting Risk factors/Prevention: avoid traumatic injuries, hard chew objects (bones, hooves, rocks, sticks) -decrease fighting -check mouth regularly |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE) |
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Definition
Description: -severe hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs -sudden onset of bloody diarrhea, vomiting, shock Etiology: peracute loss intestinal mucosal integrity, rapid loss of blood, fluid, electrolyte into gut lumen -rapid bacterial (Clostridium perfringens) or toxin (E.coli) absorption may lead to septic or endotoxemic shock Risk factors/Prevention:client education - if immediate, aggressive tx, mortality low; but reoccurance is about 10% chance -increased incidence small breeds (mini schnauzer and poodle, dachshund, yorkie) dogs; urban environments |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV or Bloat) |
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Definition
Description: syndrome of large dogs -stomach dilates and twists on its axis -causes GI obstruction, gastric damage and ischemia -decreased cardiac return, splenic torsion, hypovolemic shock and cardiovascular failure, death Etiology: - pyloric outflow obstruction or decrease gastric emptying -activity following ingestion or drinking large quantities -aerophagia Risk Factors/Prevention: large,deep chested dog breeds (german shep, great dane, st. bernards, rotties, labs, alaskan malamutes) -avoid ingestion of excessive amts of food or fluids, feed small amounts more often -avoid postprandial exercise -intense activity or stress (hospitilization, surgery) -post-op complications frequent; Px (prognosis) good after 7days |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Foreign Bodies |
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Definition
Description: -partial or complete obstruction of GI tract caused by ingestion of unusual objects, impacted ingesta, trichobezoars (hairballs) Etiology: - gastric outflow obstruction (stomach unable to empty) -small intestinal obstruction - ingesta and fluids accumulate proximal to obstruction Risk factors/Preventative: -prevent access to foreign bodies (repeat offenders - leash and muzzle dogs outside) -monitor toys and do not feed bones -brush and give hairball laxatives |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Parvovirus |
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Definition
Description:CPV-2 (canine parvovirus 2,2a,2b), causes acute systemic illness and hemorrhagic enteritis Etiology: - require actively dividing cells for growth (lymphatic system, myocardium, intertinal crypt cell) -ingestion of virus, 2-4days to lymphatic tissues, 3-4 days intestinal (crypt) infection, absorption of bacterial endotoxins from damaged intestinal mucosa, fecal shedding stops by 8-12days Risk factors/Prevention: breeding kennels, animal shelters, pet stores, puppy mills -pups less then 4 mos old but can affect any age, isolate pups until 3 mos old? -rotties, dobies, english springer spaniels hight risk -vaccinate to boost maternal transfer immunity -proper, strict isolation procedures for infective cases; diluted bleach, through disinfection and sanitation |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Intussusception (telescoping GI) |
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Definition
Description: prolapse, invagination or telescoping of one portion of the GI tract into lumen of adjoining segment; ileocolic most common location Etiology: - uncoordinated peristalsis, especially in regions with abrupt changes in diameter -idiopathic, enteritis (viral,bacterial), intestinal parasites, foreign bodies, previous abdominal surgery, intestinal mass, megaesophagus Risk factors/Prevention: - German shepherds and siamese cats have a high incidence -recurrence common (20-30% of the time) with 3 days, if no enteroplication -routine vaccination, deworming |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)/Colitis |
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Definition
Description: inflammation of the small and large intestine/colon Eitology: - inflammation of small and large intestine from infectious agents (parasites, protozoa, bacteria), trauma from foreign body and abrasive material, uremia, 2ndary to pancreatitis, food allergy, inflammatory/immune (lymphoplasmcytic, eosinophilic, granulomatous, histiocytic) -disrupts epithelial cells, stimulates colonic secretion and mucus, alters motility - colon less able to absorb water and store feces, causes frequent diarrhea, often mucus, blood Risk factors/Prevention:-may require intermittent and long term tx -doga dna cats, any age -breed predisposition - Basenji's and lundehunds (immunoproliferative enteropathy), french bulldogs and boxers (histiocytic ulcerative colitis), Irish setter (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) suspected in Bengals - personal note |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Constipation (Obstipation)/Megacolon |
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Definition
Description: - constipation-infrequent or difficult defacation with passage of hard, fry feces. -obstipation-intractable constipation caused by prolonged retention of hard, dry feces; defication impossible -megacolon-persistent increased large bowel diameter associated with above and low to absent colonic motility Etiology: -idiopathic megacolon in cats -acquired in dogs and cats, from mechanical obstruction eg) pelvic fracture, neromuscular ds Risk factors/ Prevention: - Manx and Maine Coons cats -anorectal ds or pelvic trauma -low physical activity and obesity |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Acute Pancreatitis |
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Definition
Description: - inflammation of pancreas -acute-no permanent damage -chronic- continuing inflammation, irreversible damage Etiology: nutritional factors, pancreatic trauma/ischemia, duodenal reflux, drugs/toxins, pancreatic duct obstruction, hypercalcemia, infectious agents (toxoplasmosis, FIP) Risk factors/ Prevention: - middle age onwards; concurrent ds (DM, Cushing's ds, chronic renal failure, neoplasia, liver ds, GI inflammation) -dogs-obesity; mini schnauzer and poodle, cocker spaniel; seen more in females then males -cats-siamese cats, concurrent ds (cholangiohepatits, hepatic lipidosis, IBD) |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Exocrine Pancreatic Insuffiency |
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Definition
Description: progressive loss of pancreatic acinar cells, causing failurs of absorption due to inadequate pancreatic digestive enzymes Etiology:-pancreatic acinar atrophy in young dogs (german shep) -chronic relapsing pracreatitis, adenocarcinoma or fluke Risk factors/Prevention: -hereditary in german shepherds -expense of pancreatic enzymes required for life -conditions predisposing to chronic pancreatitis |
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Term
Small Animal GI Diseases Liver Disease (end-stage,cirrhosis, fibrosis) |
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Definition
Description: accumulation of collagen, regenerative nodules, altered architecture; severe if end-stage Etiology:- hepatic copper toxicosis -chronic active hepatitis; extrahepatic bile duct occlusion -chronic IBD; cholangiohepatitis in cats -drug and toxin induced -viral, leptospirosis Risk factors/Prevention:-familial predisposition-dobies (female),cockers (male),labs (female),copper storage hepatopathy of young bedlington terriers; juvenile idiopathic fibrosis of young german sheps and standard poodles; westies, skye blue terriers -cirrhosis in middle aged to older dogs and cats (chronic cholangiohepatitis) |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Choke |
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Definition
Description: in horses, the esophagus becomes obstructed with feed; continues to eat, feed builds up until it reaches the mouth; can still breath Etiology: eating too quickly or not fully chewing feed, especially with competition to eat; hay cubes, unsoaked beet pulp and pelleted grain expand with saliva Risk factors/Prevention: aspiring pneumonia possible, high risk of reoccurance w/in 72hrs or if esophagus damaged from obstruction or nasogastric tube; prevent by feeding non-pelleted grain or soak beet pulp or hay cubes, or slow eating by adding space occupying bricks/stones or decrease competition by feeding separately |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Ulceration (gastric) |
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Definition
Decription: erosion or break in the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestines Etiology: High-grain diet, stress of training and the stress of diseas, medications such as corticosteriods, biile acid reflux Risk factors/Prevention: more common in foals than adult horses; minimum 50% dry intake of hay or pasture, administer prophylactic antiulcer therapy before hospitilization, dont deprive food for more then 12 hrs. |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Colic |
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Definition
Definition: abdominal pain in the horse; condition is medical emergency and major cause of death; other causes but GI ds most common Etiology: (related to the GI tract: flatulent, gastric dilation, impaction, obstruction, spasmodic, thromboembolic) volvulus, intestinal incarceration, impactions feed material or foreign body, enteroliths, parasitic infections, intestinal displacemtent, IBD, tympany; if inflammation from volvulus or torsion, infarction, edema or ischemia or intestinal wall Risk factors/Prevention: limit feed, do not feed moldy feed, and exercise after eating, regular deworming, no sudden diet changes |
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Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Actinobacillosis (Wooden tongue)/Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) |
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Definition
Description: bacterial infection affecting mouth/face and neck areas Etiology: Actinobacillus and Actinmyces spp., respectively; normal flora of mouth, nose and throat, cause infection after trauma, Sx, infection, forms abscess in tongue or jaw Risk Factors/Prevention: Actinobacillosis: poor quality, coarse pastures or feed Actinomycosis: significant blood loss possible during Sx, can add prophylactic antibiotics to feed |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Pharyngeal Trauma and Abscessation |
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Definition
Description: Trauma or injury to the pharynx which may result in cellulitis, hematoma formation or abscess. Etiology: improper use of balling gun, long dose syringe, speculum, paste deworming gun, or a rigid stomach tube may all cause trauma to the Pharynx. This problem may also be caused by a foreign body such as a stick which may then penetrate the pharynx causing damage Risk factors/ Prevention: This is easily prevented by being extra careful when using any devide in the mouths and throats of cattle and that necessary restraint and precautions are taken when thes things must be done. |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Rumen Tympany |
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Definition
Description: Frothy bloat (normal eructation or belching occurs but gas cannot be expelled, aka primary tympany), Free gas bloat (failure of eructation or belching, aka secondary tympany) Etiology: frothy bloat (ingestion of large amts of legumes or grain, results in build up of fermentation gasses in rumen and subsequently froth/foam) free gas bloat (partial esophageal obstruction ex.FB, interference with rumenoreticular motility ex.vagus indigestion, body position - lateral recumbency, hypocalcemia) Risk factors/Prevention:nutritional management: feed before seding out to pasture -maintain pastures: remove grains and legumes from pasture -give antifoaming agents: in feed, spray cattle, or spray pasture -frequent examination of cattle |
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Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Traumatic reticuloperitonits (hardware ds) |
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Definition
Description: common GI problem affecting the forestomach of mature dairy cattle: accidental ingestion of foreign materials (wires, nails, steel objects) penetrating reticulum Etiology: foreign metallic objects in reticulum or rumen; contractions promote penetration of the wall Risk Factors/Prevention: indiscriminate eating habits of cattle (not small ruminants) and dairy cattle more likely to be fed chopped feed, such as silage or haylage, can lead to accidental ingestion of foreign materials: keep nails, wire, and steel out of reach; cattle over 1 year prophylactic magnet placed in the reticulum |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Abomasal Displacement and Volvulus |
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Definition
Description: displacement of abomasums from normal right paramedian position to left (more common) or right (volvulus can occur) paralumbar area Etiology: dairy cows fed high concentrate, low roughage diet; increased volatile fatty acids lead to decreased rumen pH and atony; becomes gas-filled then displaced left of right (with volvulus) Risk factors/Prevention: high producing dairy cows on high grain diet, 6 wks post calving; hypocalcemia or concurrent ds such as mastitis, metritis, ketosis or lack or exercise |
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Term
Large Animal GI Tract Diseases Diarrhea |
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Definition
Description: loose watery stool Etiology: caused by many reasons, coccidiosis, dietary gastroenteritis, acute or chronic salmonellas, acute or chronic BVD, winter dysentry, BLV, chronic liver or renal ds Risk factors/prevention: may travel rapidly through group of animals, vaccinations important, deworm regularly |
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