Term
| Compare and contrast active and passive immunity. |
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Definition
Active immunity is acquired through immunization or actually having a disease. It is active as it depends on a response to the antigen by the person's immune system. Because of memory, the immune system usually is able to react within hours to subsequent exposure to the same agent because of the presence of memory B and T lymphocytes and circulating antibodies.
Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. An infant receives passive immunity naturally from the transfer of antibodies form its mother in utero and through a mother's breast milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small protein released by cells that has a specific effect on the interactions between cells, on communications between cells or on the behavior of cells. The cytokines includes the interleukins, lymphokines and cell signal molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor and the interferons, which trigger inflammation and respond to infections. |
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Term
| Briefly discuss the difference between adaptive and innate immunity. |
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Definition
Innate defenses are those which you are born with and are always present. This includes your first line of defense, the skin, which protects your body from foreign microorganisms, and your second line of defense which includes your phagocytes ("cell eaters" that digest foreign microbes and remove them from your system) such as macrophages or your complement system (a group of proteins that use a cascade effect to lyse/punches holes in the cell membrane of a foreign microbe & thus kills it).
Adaptive immunity includes your lymphocytes, or types of white blood cells (WBCs). The lymphocytes are your B and T cells. B cells have the ability to make daughter cells. These daughter cells (plasma cells) made by the B cells are capable of producing antibodies that can protect your body. IgA, or immunoglobulin A, is a type of antibody found in your saliva and tears that give them antimicrobial/anti-bacterial properties. You also have IgM, IgD, IgG, and IgE antibodies. B cells also are capable of creating "memory cells." These cells can last a lifetime and can remember past foreign microbial invaders. Thus, the next time your body encounters the same invaders, it knows how to fight it off (it starts to much more quickly produce those antibodies to fight the microbes & the body produces a much larger number of those antibodies).
The T cells are essential to your immune system. They are either T-helper cells or T-cytotoxic cells. T-cells can recognize intracellular invaders like viruses that go INSIDE the cell & take over the machinery of the cell to produce copies of themselves; B cells cannot recognize intracellular invaders. Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells) can directly kill foreign microbes; T-helper cells recognize foreign microbes and emit chemical messengers called cytokines to attract macrophages, NK (natural killer) cells, and more T cells to fight off foreign invaders.
Main thing: adaptive (nonspecific) defense system is always present (it's there since birth). It protects the body with the skin that covers & shields the body OR macrophages or neutrophils (a.k.a. phagocytes that can "eat" foreign invaders).
Specific or adaptive immunity can REMEMBER past foreign invaders. B and T cells fight SPECIFIC antigens or foreign invaders, whereas macrophages and neutrophils don't have specific targets.
Note: why vaccines are used. Introduce a weak or totally killed foreign microbe into the body so that B cells will remember the microbe. If the B cells encounter the microbe in the body again, will have a very strong immune defense system because those memory cells have been activated. |
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Term
| List and briefly describe what occurs during each “line of defense” in the immune system. |
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Definition
1st line – nonspecific immunity – involves the protective barrier of the skin and mm that prevent antigens from entering the body. These provide immediate protection for the animal though mechanical barriers (skin) and chemical barriers (eg, the hydrochloric acid in the gastric mucosa)
2nd line – nonspecific immunity – involves all of the following
- The inflammatory response – when bacteria enter tissue, they cause in tissue damage, which triggers a release of chemical mediators – such as histamine from mast cells – and other substances that are chemotactic to WBC
- Phagocytosis – involves neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages
- Natural killer cells – these cells kill many types of tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses. NK cells come in direct contact w/ these cells and destroy them, usually by lysis
- Interferon – a protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus, interferon responds rapidly to inhibit further development and spread of the virus.
- Complement – a group of inactive enzymes in plasma can be activated by the attachment of an antibody to an antigen. Each antibody has a complement binding site that is exposed when the antibody attaches to the antigen. When this site is exposed, one of the inactive enzymes in plasma binds to the site and becomes activated. This in turn causes a second complement enzyme to be activated, and so on until all the enzymes are activated
3rd line – specific immunity – unique rxns aimed at destroying specific antigens through the work of B cells, which produce antibodies or direct other cells to attack the antigen, and T cells that attack more directly.
2 types specific immunity
- Cell-mediated – the fxn of T cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells (a T lymphocyte transforms into a cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell or suppressor T cell after antigenic stimulation) These can enter circ and travel to site where antigen entered body
- Humoral – takes place in plasma – is the fxn of B cells that transform in plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins, called antibodies, against specific antigens |
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Term
| 1st line in the immune system. |
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Definition
| nonspecific immunity – involves the protective barrier of the skin and mm that prevent antigens from entering the body. These provide immediate protection for the animal though mechanical barriers (skin) and chemical barriers (eg, the hydrochloric acid in the gastric mucosa) |
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Term
| 2nd line in the immune system. |
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Definition
nonspecific immunity – involves all of the following
- The inflammatory response – when bacteria enter tissue, they cause in tissue damage, which triggers a release of chemical mediators – such as histamine from mast cells – and other substances that are chemotactic to WBC
- Phagocytosis – involves neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages
- Natural killer cells – these cells kill many types of tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses. NK cells come in direct contact w/ these cells and destroy them, usually by lysis
- Interferon – a protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus, interferon responds rapidly to inhibit further development and spread of the virus.
- Complement – a group of inactive enzymes in plasma can be activated by the attachment of an antibody to an antigen. Each antibody has a complement binding site that is exposed when the antibody attaches to the antigen. When this site is exposed, one of the inactive enzymes in plasma binds to the site and becomes activated. This in turn causes a second complement enzyme to be activated, and so on until all the enzymes are activated |
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Term
| 3rd line in the immune system. |
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Definition
specific immunity – unique rxns aimed at destroying specific antigens through the work of B cells, which produce antibodies or direct other cells to attack the antigen, and T cells that attack more directly.
2 types specific immunity
- Cell-mediated – the fxn of T cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells (a T lymphocyte transforms into a cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell or suppressor T cell after antigenic stimulation) These can enter circ and travel to site where antigen entered body
- Humoral – takes place in plasma – is the fxn of B cells that transform in plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins, called antibodies, against specific antigens |
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Term
| What cells are responsible for secreting large amounts of antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| B cells and T cells originate from where? What is their role in immunity? |
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Definition
Bone marrow
- Cell-mediated – the fxn of T cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells (a T lymphocyte transforms into a cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell or suppressor T cell after antigenic stimulation) These can enter circ and travel to site where antigen entered body
- Humoral – takes place in plasma – is the fxn of B cells that transform in plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins, called antibodies, against specific antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that elicit adaptive immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| a) a tissue reaction to injury or an antigen that may include pain, swelling, itching, redness, heat, and loss of function. The response may involve dilation of blood vessels and consequent leakage of fluid, causing edema; leukocytic exudation; and release of plasma proteases and vasoactive amines such as histamine |
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Definition
| The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and ameboid protozoans. |
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Definition
| these cells kill many types of tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses. NK cells come in direct contact w/ these cells and destroy them, usually by lysis |
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Definition
| a protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus, interferon responds rapidly to inhibit further development and spread of the virus. |
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Definition
| a lymphocyte (as a T cell) that has been induced to differentiate into a form (as a cytotoxic T cell) capable of mounting a specific immune response—called also effector lymphocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| a long-lived lymphocyte that carries the antibody or receptor for a specific antigen after a first exposure to the antigen and that remains in a less than mature state until stimulated by a second exposure to the antigen at which time it mounts a more effective immune response than a cell which has not been exposed previously |
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| the IG made during the 1st exposure to an antigen, also the 1st made by newborns. Production relatively slow |
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Definition
| the Ig made when the animal has been exposed to an antigen for a long time or for the 2nd time |
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Term
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Definition
| can leave blood and enter tissue fluids. Imp in preventing dzs caused antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces (eg intestinal tract/lungs) |
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Definition
| capable of acting during a particular cell phase only |
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Definition
| capable of acting in several or all cell cycle phases |
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Term
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Definition
| admin to animals in an attempt to cure or lessen the effect of neoplasms. |
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Term
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Definition
| any chemical used to treat cancer. It is usually used to refer to antineoplastic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| agents (e.g. azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids) used primarily to prevent donor tissue rejection, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| List and briefly describe the events that occur during each phase of the Cell Cycle |
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Definition
S-phase (DNA synthesis)
The M-phase (mitosis)
G-1 and G-2 phases (RNA synthesis)
G-0 phase (resting phase) |
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Term
| How does the Cell Cycle and tissue development apply to chemotherapy? |
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Definition
| Chemo can be directed toward a specific phase of the cell cycle or be cycle nonspecific. Chemo is most effective against rapidly growing tumors because actively dividing cells are more sensitive to DNA damage and cell cycle processes |
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Term
| Why should you be very careful when administering antineoplastic medications to prevent extravasation? |
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Definition
| Many chemo drugs are vesicants that cause inflammation and potential sloughing of tissue if leakage around the vein occurs |
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Term
| List 8 precautions that should be taken when handling antineoplastic medications. |
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Definition
- Designate a specific location for handling
- Wear nonpermeable latex gloves
- Cover work surfaces with a disposable plastic-backed sheet
- Wear an lab coat and mask
- Reconstitute all materials carefully to avoid aerosolization
- Clean reconstituted material of any contamination, mark/date it
- Dispose of contaminated material in leak-proof puncture- resistant containers
- Wash hands thoroughly |
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Term
| List 4 indications for the use of immunosuppressive medications. |
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Definition
Tx of:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lupus erythematosus |
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