Term
| Pain receptors (Nociceptors) |
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Definition
- widely distributed inside and on the surface of the body (not present in brain)
- may be simple free nerve endings or more specialized structures that detect mechanical forces, temp, etc |
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- various kinds of specially modified nerve endings (dendrites)
- when triggered by an appropriate stimulus, a sensory receptor generates a nerve impulse that travels to the CNS and is interpreted as a particular sensation
- sensitive to four general types of stimuli
Mechanical stimuli (eg touch, hearing, balance)
thermal stimuli (eg hot and cold)
electromagnetic stimuli (eg vision)
chemical stimuli (eg taste and smell |
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Definition
- distributed generally throughout the body, widespread on the inside/outside of body
- keep CNS informed about the overall prevailing conditions both inside and outside of the body
- w/ the exception of pain, general senses are rarely involved in clinical dz or tx
visceral sensations
touch
temperature
pain
proprioception |
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| - misc interior body sensations. They include hunger and thirst and stretching sensations from hollow organs |
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| aka the tactile sense – the sensation of something being in contact w/ the surface of the body |
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| the sense of something pressing on the body surface |
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- the sense of hot and cold
- the monitoring half of the body’s temp control (temp homeostasis) system
- 2 kinds of receptors – superficial and central
- superficial located in slon and detect upward or downward changes in skin temp
- central temp receptors keep track of the core temp by monitoring the temp of the blood. located in the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| conversion of painful stimulus into nerve impulse |
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| conduction of nerve impulse to the spinal cord |
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- changes the sensory nerve impulse
- can amplify or suppress sensory impulses |
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| - conscious awareness of painful stimuli |
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- sense of body position and movement
- stretch receptors in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules sense movement of limbs, positions of joints, the state of contraction of muscles, and the amt of tension being exerted on tendons and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
- organized into specific, often complex sensory organs and structures that are all located in the head
- because of their locations, structures and fxns, the special sense organs often are involved in clinical illness and injuries
taste
smell
hearing
vision
equilibrium |
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Definition
- chemical receptors – taste buds in oral cavity
papillae – small elevated structures on the tongue
also found in the lining of the mouth and pharynx |
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- very important in most nonhuman animals
- olfactory cells and supporting cells in epithelial patches in nasal passages
- hairlike processes project up from olfactory cells into the mucous layer that covers the nasal epithelium
- odor molecules dissolve in the mucus and contact the sensory processes
nerve impulses are generated, travel to the brain, and are interpreted as particular smells |
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Definition
- converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses
- most structure of the ear are located in the temporal bones of the skull
- external ear – acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum
- middle ear – amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
- inner ear – contains the sensory receptors that convert the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses, along with receptors for the equilibrium sense |
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Definition
- acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and directs them to the eardrum
- outer portion of the ear
- consists of:
the pinna
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane |
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Definition
- externally visible part of the ear that collects sounds waves and funnels them down into the external ear canal
- elastic cartilage and skin |
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Definition
- membrane lined tube
- the tube that begins at the base of the pinna and carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane
- in most domestic animal spp, it is L shaped, w/ a vertical portion leading down to a horizontal portion |
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Definition
- eardrum
- paper-thin, connective tissue membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening of the external ear canal into the middle ear
- sound wave vibrations strike the tympanic membrane and cause It to vibrate |
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Definition
- amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
- an air-filled cavity in the temporal bone of the skull
- contains the ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) and the opening of the eustachian tube |
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Definition
- one of the 3 ossicles, the tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations across the middle ear
- the malleus (hammer) is the outmost ossicle and is attached to the tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| the middle of the 3 ossicles |
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Definition
- stapes (stirrup) is attached to the membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea
- inmost (medial-most) of the ossicles |
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Definition
- connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx (throat)
- equalizes air pressure on the 2 sides of the tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| - contains the actual sensory receptors that convert the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses along w/ receptors for the equilibrium sense |
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Definition
- part of the inner ear
- runs along the cochlear duct on the basilar membrane
- fluid filled portion that makes up the receptor organ of hearing
- consists of hair cells (hearing receptors), supporting cells, and the tectorial membrane |
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Definition
- a long fluid-filled tube that runs the length of the cochlea
- contains the receptor organ of hearing (the organ of Corti) |
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Definition
| - the small shellshaped cavity in the temporal bone of the skull that contains the hearing portion of the inner ear |
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Definition
- sound wave vibrations cause the tympanic membrane and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate
causes vibration of fluid around cochlear duct
- fluid vibration causes the cochlear duct to move
causes the tectorial membrane and the hair cells of the organ of Corti to rub against each other
generates nerve impulses that travel to the brain and are interpreted as sound
- different freq of sound wave vibrations stimulate different areas along the length of the organ of Corti |
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Definition
- mechanical sense – helps maintain balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the head
- involved equilibrium receptors and info from the eyes and proprioceptors
- receptors are located in the vestibule and semicircular canals in inner ear |
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Definition
- between the cochlea and semicircular canals
- composed of utricle and saccule
- hair cells covered by a gelatinous matrix that contains crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)
- gravity causes otoliths and the gelatinous matrix to put pressure on the hairs
- movement of the head bends sensory hairs
- generates nerve impulses that give the brain info about position of the head |
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Term
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Definition
- Located opposite the vestibule from the cochlea
- Contain fluid-filled membranous tubes
- Ampulla – enlarged area near the utricle end of each semicircular canal
- Crista ampullaris – receptor w/in ampula
Supporting cells and hair cells w/ modified dendrites sticking up into the gelatinous structure (cupola)
- When the head moves, fluid movement lags behind the movement of the canal itself
- Movement of the fluid pulls on the cupola and bends the hairs
- Generates nerve impulses that give the brain info about motion of the head |
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Definition
| enlarged area near the utricle end of each semicircular canal |
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Definition
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- Means ear stone
- Tiny crystals of calcium carbonate that lie in the gelatinous matrix that covers the hair cells of the macula (the sensory epithelium of the vestibule)
- Help the macula keep track of the position of the head |
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Definition
| the sensory epithelium of the vestibule |
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| one of 2 saclike spaces (the saccule is the other one) in the vestibule that contain sensory structures that monitor the position of the head |
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| one of 2 saclike spaces (the utricle is the other one) in the vestibule that contain sensory structures that monitor the position of the head |
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- Most components of the eye fxn to help form an accurate visual image, not detect it
- Photoreceptors that detect the image and generate visual nerve impulses are in a single layer of cells in the retina |
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