Term
|
Definition
DNA
Enveloped
2xstranded
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Enveloped
2xstranded
Icosahedral
HBV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Enveloped
2xstranded
Complex morphology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Naked
2xstranded
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Naked
2xstranded
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Naked
Single Stranded
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single stranded (+)
Naked
Icosahedral
HAV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single stranded (+)
Naked
Icosahedral
HEV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single stranded (+)
Envelope
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single stranded (+)
Envelope
Icosahedral
HGV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single stranded (+)
Envelope
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (+)
Envelope
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Bullet-shaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Single Stranded (-)
Enveloped
Helical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA
Double Stranded
Naked
Icosahedral |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin during influenza or varicella |
|
Definition
Reye's Syndrome --> massive liver &or brain damage. Only give Acetaminophen for fever
cause is unknown |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic tests for influenza |
|
Definition
1) Culture (check HA/NA)
2) Rapid flu test
3) PCR
4) Serological analysis: 4-fold increase in specific antibody over 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Amantadine & Rimantidine (basic action) |
|
Definition
| prevent uncoating of influenza A |
|
|
Term
| Sanamavir & Oseltamivir (basic action and route of administration) |
|
Definition
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Sanamavir (inhaled)
Oseltamivir (oral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stages of Measles (rubeola)
Paramyxoviridea |
|
Definition
| 10 day incubation-->3-4 day prodrome-->Koplik's spots(last 2 days of prodrome)-->6 day maculopapular rash |
|
|
Term
| Tropic Spastic Paraparesis (cause) |
|
Definition
| Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV1). first retrovirus discovered in humans (1970s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rouse Sarcoma Virus Oncogene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV treatment (preliminarily terminates DNA chains; thymidine analog) |
|
|
Term
| Candida esophagitis; pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; and karposi's sarcoma. what are these diseases exemplary of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal T-cell count
decline per year in HIV
count at start of symptoms (AIDS) |
|
Definition
1000 cells/uL
60 cells/ul/yr
200-400 cells/ul |
|
|
Term
In HIV, for T-cell counts:
at 400 cells/ul these infections occur
at 200 cells/ul these infections occur
at 50 cells/ul these infections occur |
|
Definition
- Athletes foot, candida (thrush), TB
- Pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans, toxoplasma gondii
- mycobacterium avium intracellulare; cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
| three proteins necessary for HIV fusion with cells. which one, when deficient, provides resistance to HIV |
|
Definition
CD4, fusin and CKR5.
CKR5 deficiency = resistance |
|
|
Term
| opportunistic bacterial infections common in AIDS |
|
Definition
staph (aureus&epidermis, from line placement)
B-cell error: strep pneumonia; Haemophilus influenza
TB
MAC (mycobacterium avium-complex) |
|
|
Term
| fungal infections in AIDS |
|
Definition
Candida Albicans (thrush)
Cryptococcal Neoformans (meningitis: LP if febrile)
Histoplasma capsulatum; coccidioides immitis |
|
|
Term
| viral infections with AIDS |
|
Definition
Herpes Zoster
Epstein Barr Virus, causes oral hairy leukoplakia which is different than thrush because it doesn't come off with a tongue blade
Herpes simplex
Cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
| protozoal infections in AIDS |
|
Definition
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Toxoplasma gondii
cryptosporidium, microsporidium, isospora |
|
|
Term
| criterion for diagnosing AIDS: CD4 count, test, and something else |
|
Definition
| <200 cells/ul; ELISA or wester; defining infection |
|
|
Term
| prophylactic treatment for AIDS: |
|
Definition
| sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin or clarithromycin (for MAI) |
|
|
Term
| CMV treatment in AIDS (or generally?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Herpes zoster treatment (AIDS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
AIDS treatment for candida albicans:
- thrush
- systemic |
|
Definition
- clotrimazole, nystatin, or fluconazole (enteric route)
- intravenous amphotericin B or fluconazole |
|
|
Term
name that virus family:
1) can develop into a latent state
2) subgroup 'alpha' has cytopathic effects that cause cellular syncytium
3) kept at bay by cellular immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| make up alpha subgroup of herpesviridae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpesviridae beta subgroup: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| herpesviridae gamma subgroup: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) gingivostomatitis
2) reactivation
3) herpatic keratitis (most common cause of corneal blindness)
4) encephalitis (most common cause of viral encephalitis and is treatable) |
|
Definition
| 4 signs and symptoms of HSV1 |
|
|
Term
| TORCH infections and significance |
|
Definition
toxoplasmosis
rubella
cytomegalo
HSV
Syphilis
these infections can have vertical transmission |
|
|
Term
| zoster treatment (3 types) |
|
Definition
1) vaccine
2) Ig's for immunocompromised (don't help if rash has already developed)
3) intravenous acyclovir |
|
|
Term
1) asymptomatic (80%)
2) congenital
3) mononucleosis
4) reactivation in immunocompromised (causing blindness, pneumonia and death) |
|
Definition
| CMV infection outcomes (4) |
|
|
Term
| congenital CMV infection causes |
|
Definition
- most common cause of viral mental retardation
- microcephaly
- deafness & seizures |
|
|
Term
| CMV in immunocompromised: AIDS vs bone-marrow-transplant |
|
Definition
AIDS: retinitis and colitis
Bone Marrow Transplant: Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| what is EBV's target to enter cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HHAPPPY acronym for DNA viruses |
|
Definition
Herpesviridae
Hepititisviridae
Adenovirus
Poxviridae
Papillomavaviridae
Parvoviridae
Polyomaviruses |
|
|
Term
| what are the reservoirs for smallpox virus and what family does it belong to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| molluscum contagiosum family and where do you see them |
|
Definition
| poxviridae; AIDS patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PApilloma virus: warts/cervical cancer
POlyomavirus: human JK and BK
simian VAcuolating: not in humans |
|
|
Term
| what does Papilloma virus cause? |
|
Definition
| warts and cervical cancer |
|
|
Term
types of polyomavirus
which one is opportunistic?
which one causes white matter damage?
which one is benign and common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list upper respiratory tract viral illnesses in children in order |
|
Definition
1) RSV
2) Parainfluenza
3) Rhinovirus
4) Adenovirus (can cause lower at times) |
|
|
Term
| erythema, viral cause and symptoms |
|
Definition
- Parvoviridae
"Fifths disease". Characterized by fever and 'slapped face' rash. |
|
|
Term
Arboviruses:
-derivative of name
-types |
|
Definition
-ARthropod BOrne viruses
- Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, bunyaviridae |
|
|
Term
Picornaviridae:
-where are they found
-types |
|
Definition
-enteroviruses
-HAV, Poliovirus, coxsackie A&B, echovirus |
|
|
Term
| viruses that cause diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what virus causes rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of toga virus that infect humans |
|
Definition
Alpha (WEE, EEE, VEE)
Rubivirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rubella symptoms:
-in adults
-congenital |
|
Definition
- head-to-toe "three day rash". very mild
-VSDs, patent DA, pulmonic stenosis, cataracts, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, mental retardation, deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| yellow fever symptoms and vector |
|
Definition
- hepatitis, fever, nausea, vomiting, backache
- mosquito |
|
|
Term
| dengue symptoms and vector |
|
Definition
- extreme myalgia ("back-break fever"); DHV causes death in 10% afflicted.
-mosquito |
|
|
Term
west nile:
-type of virus?
-vector(s)
-symptoms |
|
Definition
-flaviviridae
-bird-->mosquito-->human
-mild flu, can cause encephalitis&death in elderly |
|
|
Term
| California encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are caused by: |
|
Definition
Bunyaviridae
HPS should be considered in the differential of young person with influenza-like symptoms and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| types of enteroviruses (5); what family do these belong to? |
|
Definition
-HAV, Coxsackie A&B, echovirus, Polio, new enteroviruses
-picornaviridae |
|
|
Term
Poliovirus:
- Family
- cells it infects
- mode of transmission |
|
Definition
- picornaviridae
- peyer's patches (CD155), motor neurons
-fecal-oral |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of polio infection: |
|
Definition
1) asymptomatic
2) asymptomatic meningitis (mild fever) |
|
|
Term
| who developed first polio vaccine (formalin killed virus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the symptoms that are associated with coxsackie A&B, Echovirus AND new enteroviruses |
|
Definition
1) asymptomatic or mild febrile chill
2) respiratory symptoms
3) rashes
4) aseptic meningitis. the enteroviruses are most common cause of aseptic meningitis |
|
|
Term
what is caused by:
-coxsackie A
-coxsackie B |
|
Definition
- Herpangia
- Pleurodynia for respiratory; self-limiting or severe myocarditis/pericarditis. CB is the leading viral cause (>50%) |
|
|
Term
| which 2 viruses cause the common cold and which one is most common |
|
Definition
rhino (~85%) corona (~15%)
(they are part of the picornaviridae family) |
|
|
Term
| name 2 types of virus that cause diarrhea: |
|
Definition
calicivirae
rotovirus (infant mortality, severity second only to cholera) |
|
|
Term
| rhabdoviridae shape and most relevant virus |
|
Definition
| bullet shaped; rabies virus |
|
|
Term
| collection of rabies virions in the cell body of neurons are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incubation time and time from onset of symptoms to death for rabies infected person: |
|
Definition
-weeks to years
- 1 to 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stages of symptoms in rabies infection |
|
Definition
1) prodrome: flu-like symptoms with pain around wound and possible fasciculation
2) Acute encephalitis: meningismus, madness
3) Brainstem encephalitis: painful laryngeal contractions upon swallowing, i.e. 'foaming at mouth'
4) Death (certain if symptoms come on, 1 case of recovery, ever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ebola and marburg (massive hemorrhage and diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
acyclovir and ganciclovir:
- what are they?
- mechanism of action?
- toxicities? |
|
Definition
-Herpesviridae antivirals
- Nonfunctional guanine analogs
-acyclovir needs thymadine kinase (only present in herpes family with the exception of CMV)
- ganiciclovir can be toxic to rapidly dividing cells, so is only used in immunocompromised hosts: neutropenia&thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
Foscarnet:
- what is it?
- how does it work?
- what does it treat
- side effects? |
|
Definition
- antiviral phosphate analog
- inhibits DNA pol and RT
- Herpes(CMV-retinitis & acyclovir-resistant herpes in AIDS patients) and HIV(not very effective)
- reversible renal toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly active antiretroviral therapy |
|
|
Term
| what is first line care for HAART therapy? |
|
Definition
| 3 antiretrovirals: 2 nucleoside iRT's and 1 protease inhibitor |
|
|
Term
Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT):
- what is it?
- |
|
Definition
- NRTI; first line HIV drug
(HIV develops resistance fast, so must use with at least 1 other drug. can be used prenatally to prevent vertical HIV transmission) |
|
|
Term
Lamivudine:
-what is it?
-what is it used for? |
|
Definition
3TC
- NRTI
- used in combination with zidovudine for HIV; used singly or with IFN for HBV
(this drug has minimal side effects) |
|
|
Term
Didanosine:
- what is it?
- contraindications? |
|
Definition
ddI
- NRTI; purine nucleoside analog
- history of pancreatitis or things that would contribute to development of pancreatitis like drinking or hypertriglyceridemia
(can't tolerate acidic conditions, so antacids have to be taken with it) |
|
|
Term
Zalcitabine:
-what is it? |
|
Definition
ddC
- NRTI
(oral ulcers may develop; 3%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -NRTI; newer(ish) drug with possibility of hypersensitivity reaction (5%) |
|
|
Term
| NRTI general side effects: |
|
Definition
| headache, nausea, rash, diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, & insomnia |
|
|
Term
| ddI, ddC and d4T NRTI's all cause what? |
|
Definition
peripheral neuropathy
(Didanosine, Zalcitibine, Stavudine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NNRTI; induces CYP450 system so don't use with drugs that are metabolized that way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - NNRTI; metabolized by and inhibits CYP450 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - newer NNRTI; can cause neurological symptoms (if your patient starts dreaming of 'axe-wielding elves', you may have to discontinue) |
|
|
Term
| the 5 protease inhibitors: SRINA |
|
Definition
saquinavir
ritonavir
indinavir
nelfinavir
amprenavir
all of these have some bad side effects, mostly gastrointestinal (diarrhea etc) |
|
|
Term
| If there is a needle stick (HIV), what is the treatment |
|
Definition
triple therapy for 4 weeks (~75% reduction in infection)
-ZDV 3TC and indinavir is the most common |
|
|
Term
Amantadine:
- what is it?
- what is it's action?
- what is it good for |
|
Definition
"a man to dine"
- inhibits influenza A genome uncoating
- rimantadine is similar, but has fewer CNS side effects |
|
|
Term
Orthomyxoviridae:
- how is it's RNA packaged
- what does it cause
- |
|
Definition
- segmented on many strands (allows for quick adaptation and keeps it viable every flu season)
- influenza A, B and C. B & C are only in humans |
|
|
Term
Paramyxoviridae:
- how is it's RNA packaged
- what is unique about HA and NA and what other proteins does it have?
- what does it cause |
|
Definition
- single (-) strand
- HA and NA are on the same glycoprotein; it also has fusion
- Parainfluenza (croup is this upper respiratory etiology); RSV (#1 cause of pneumonia in children) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swollen parotid gland (parotitis) and testis (orchitis) |
|
|
Term
| name symptoms of measles prodrome |
|
Definition
| conjunctivitis, photophobia, fever, rhinitis, cough |
|
|
Term
| how does the measles rash appear/disappear? |
|
Definition
| head-to-toe, disappears head-to-toe as well |
|
|
