Term
| How many grams of stool should you have per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Usual color of feces is from... |
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Definition
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Term
| Clay (gray white) tan colored feces suggests |
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Definition
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Term
| Black and tarry feces are noted with... |
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Definition
| upper GI bleeding (ulcers) |
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Term
| Ribbon like feces may be seen with ___ or ___. |
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Definition
spastic colon
rectal narrowing |
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Term
| Pasty poop is noted with increased ___ from ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Greasy/buttery stools are noted with |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lower GI bleeding is usually what color? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins in the blood are made of |
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Definition
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Term
| antibodies are made up of... |
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Definition
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Term
| What rises first, IgM or IgG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What constitutes approximately 75% of serum immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The higher the titer, the.... |
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Definition
| more virulent the organism |
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Term
| Primary stage of syphilis |
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Definition
3-4 weeks after infection
chancre forms |
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Term
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Definition
systemic
fever, malaise, rash, CNS involvement |
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Term
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Definition
3-10 years post infection
gummas form
May be asymptomatic or cause insanity |
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Term
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Definition
Nontreponemal tests which should be confirmed with treponemal tests (treponemal tests are more sensitive)
VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) |
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Term
|
Definition
TPI is very specific
MHA-TP is more sensitive
FTA-Abs is the most sensitive |
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Term
| What causes Lyme Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the hallmark of Lyme Disease? |
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Definition
| Red Macule at the site of the deer tick bite with erythema migrans |
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Term
| immunoassay used in for Lyme Disease and its effectiveness |
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Definition
Western blot
many false positives. Autoimmune disorders also show up positive |
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Term
| What strep is responsible for rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
| A beta-hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
an enzyme produced by strep which can lyse RBC's.
A test for antistreptolysin O titer can indicate a recent or current infection (ASOT Test) |
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Term
| How is mono diagnosed labatorily? |
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Definition
Monospot (heterophile Agglutination test)
Test for epstien Bar |
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Term
| Rubella is usually self limiting, why is it a concern? |
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Definition
| Can be devastating to the fetus, expecially in the first trimester. |
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Term
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Definition
tests for rubella immunity.
detects IgG/IgM antibodies to Rubella |
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Term
|
Definition
| Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus |
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Term
| What tests will be done for HIV? |
|
Definition
1) Elisa. if + twice do 2 or 3 (cannot detect early stage)
2) Western Blot is confirmatory
3) IFA is also confirmatory |
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Term
| Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) |
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Definition
Used to diagnose SLE
Sensitive, but not specific, could also be RA etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
a reactive IgM
Negative RF does not exclude RA |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis |
|
Definition
4 or more of the following
1) morning stiffness for at least 6 weeks
2) pain on joint motion at least 6 weeks
3) swelling of joint at least 6 weeks
4) bilateral symmetrical joint swelling
5) subcutaneous nodules
6) radiographic changes |
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Term
|
Definition
Human Leukocyte Antigen
present on all cells
useful in determining histocompatability for organ donating |
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Term
|
Definition
linked to AS (look for bilateral SIitis
also psoriasis, ritler's, |
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Term
|
Definition
| linked to Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
| What hormones can increase blood glucose? |
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Definition
| Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, ACTH, and cortisol |
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Term
| What is the classic hyperglycemic disorder? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Conditions associated with hypoglycemia |
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Definition
Insulin overdose
pancreatic islet cell tumor
starvation
liver disease
Addison's disease
hypothyroidism |
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Term
| If diabetes mellitus is suspected, what test should be performed? |
|
Definition
| 2 hour post prandial glucose test |
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Term
| Normal 2 hour postprandial glucose test |
|
Definition
Normal <140 mg/dl
If between 140 and 200 a glucose tolerance test would be helpful
If > 200 DM is confirmed |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
FBG is taken, then given glucose load. Tested after 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, and sometimes 4 hr.
Return to normal by 3 hrs. |
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Term
|
Definition
fasting 60-99
30 min <200
1 hr. <200
2 hr. <140
3 hr. <60-99 |
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|
Term
| Renal threshold for glucose |
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Definition
| 180mg, more leads to glycosuria |
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Term
| When is Gestational Diabetes tested for? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Blood Urea Nitrogen
measures urea nitrogen in blood
too low suggests liver problem
too high suggests kidney problem |
|
|
Term
| What studies evaluate renal function? |
|
Definition
BUN and Creatinine
Creatanine is a better indicator |
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Term
|
Definition
Increased in MM, dehydration, chronic infections, and malignancies
Decreased in liver disease and malabsorption |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Normally albumin>globulin
Normal ratio is >1.0
suspect MM, malignancy, or inflammatory disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly specific for disease of liver or bile duct |
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Term
|
Definition
| hepatitis, increased RBC hemolysis etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
Alkaline Phosphatase
important in detecting liver and bone disease
biliary disease, cirrhosis, tumors, hapatitis
Blastic mets, Pagets, healing fracrures, HPT |
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Term
|
Definition
prostatic acid phosphatase
metastatic cancer of prostate
also MM and benign prostatic hypertrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
Prostate specific antigen
elevated levels seen in prostate cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
Lactate dehydrogenase
not specific indicator of any one disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase
sensitive for liver disease
not elevated in bone disease
most sensitive for alcohol induced liver disease |
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|
Term
| PAP + PSA elevated with increased Alkaline Phosphatase |
|
Definition
| prostate cancer with mets to bone |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Aspartate Aminotransferase
Used for suspected coronary occlusive heart disease or suspected hepatocellular disease
More sensitive for heart disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Seen in liver disease
could be heart disease |
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Term
|
Definition
AST/SGOT (Heart>Liver)
ALT/SGPT (Liver>Heart)
ALP
LDH
GGTP
Protien
Bilirubin
UA |
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Term
|
Definition
Inversly related to calcium
Hyperphophatemia seen with renal failure or hypoparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ca
Phos
ALP
PSA
Acid Phosphatase
Uric Acid
Total Protien |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most specific for pancreatitis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common cause for Lipase to be elevated is acute pancreatitis |
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Term
|
Definition
Creatine Phosphokinase
Test for cardiac muscle injury |
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Term
|
Definition
Triglycerides
asses risk of coronary and vascular disease |
|
|
Term
| What percent of cholesterolis bound to LDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What levels do you want for HDL and LDL? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperthyroidism has what levels of
T3, T4 and TSH? |
|
Definition
Elevated T3 and T4
Decreased TSH |
|
|
Term
| Primary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
parathyroid gland adenoma
MC cause of hypercalcemia |
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|
Term
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
chronic renal disease
loss of calcium and phosphorus |
|
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Term
| Tertiary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| seen in dialysis patients, parathryoid gland acts independent of serum calcium levels (high PTH and Calcium) |
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Term
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Definition
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