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Hagia Sophia (535)

Byzantine Period

Location: Constantinopole, Byzantium (Istanbul, Turkey)

• Designed by Isidorus and Anthemius. Isidorus was mathematician and scientist (math and physics) and Anthemius was artist. 
• Made out stone, but dome made out of brick. Concrete is not used. 
• Hagia Sophia means "holy wisdom." Imperial church, only accessed by the court. Symbol of imperial dominance, propaganda for emperor and court.
• Built in about 5 years after Justinian repressed a revolt that could've led to a civil war. Glorifies his court and Christianity. 
• When Ottoman Turks took over, converted to a mosque. Was previously a centralized plan church.
• Dome collapsed within 20 yrs, but was rebuilt. Main dome has 40 windows around the base to make it look like it's hovering. Dome is 180 ft.

San Vitale Mosaics of Justinian & Theodora (550)

(Justinian shown)

Byzantine Period

Location: Ravenna, Italy

• Depicted on the right side of the church. Attempt by the bishop to flatter Justinian. Shows him a little bit larger to illustrate his importance. Has on royal robe w/ halo.
• Basket in hand represents basket that holds wafers that would be used during Communion. Items held in bishop's and court member's hands allude to church precessions
• Soldiers crammed into space give no sense of foreground. Shield has chi rho iota in it to represent the Christian army.
• 12 figures in the piece represents Christ and his 12 disciples. 
• Ultimate idea behind these are to show the unification of Church and State. Promotes Justinian as head of the Empire and Christian State.

San Vitale Mosaics of Justinian & Thedora (550)

(Theodora shown)

Byzantine Period

Location: Ravenna, Italy

• Theodora came from a family of circus performers. Ended up becoming the most powerful woman in the world at this time and got involved in running the empire
• Shown w/ chaperones with the court. Placed in the second level gallery to show gender separation
• Fountain shows multiple perspectives which loses naturalism
• Purple robes of royalty has print of 3 wise men. Gold chalice in hand would have referred to the cups that would have had wine in it.
• Halo around head to flatter. Shows her as representation of Mary. Very expensive textiles to show off the wealth of empire.

Virgin and Child with Saints & Angels (6th-7th C)

Byzantine Period

Location: Mt. Sinai, Egypt

• Created by a monk that came from the St. Catherine monastery. Painting on wood panel. 
• Continuing the idea of Roman painting on wood panel. Encaustic painting – pigmented wax on wood panel.
• Importance of Madonna. Return to hierarchical scale. Madonna's expression aloof and distant. 
• Special because one of the few surviving pieces after iconoclastic conflicts.
• Individualism and creativity not important in depiction because inspiration was God, and artists consider themselves jut a vehicle of God. 

Purse Cover (625)

Early European (Medieval Period)

Anglo-Saxon

Location: Sutton Hoo, Scotland

• Made of intricately cast gold with inlaid garnets and hinges. Reds and blues are cloisonné (liquid enamel poured into brackets).
• Found in ship burial. Whole idea of ship carrying the soul of the deceased into the next world. Also contained weapons, armour, luxury items, belief of traveling well into the afterlife.
• Bone backing attached to leather bag. Possibly worn on belt as a status symbol.
• Center has sea eagles attacking ducks. Fighting animal style. On either side, simplified human figure being attacked by dogs. Scenes symbolic of warfare and power.
• Tight patterns of interlace patterns. Hallmark of a lot of metalwork from around the region. Influences later Christian imagery. 

St. Matthew in Book of Durrow (675)

Early European (Medieval) Period

Hiberno-Saxon

Location: Scotland (found in Ireland)

• Found in Ireland. Moved out of Scotland when the vikings started attacking.
• Illuminated manuscripts main source of painting in this period. Religious books made on vellum with pigment and gold leaf. Very expensive. Usu. only owned by  monks, abbots, or monasteries. 
• Hand drawn, handwritten, created by monks as pious acts and used in acts of conversion that had to appeal to pagans.
• Used metal forms in order to appeal to pagans. All about the patterned cloak that's wearing. Very dense pattern harks the metalwork.
• A lot of humanism lost during Medieval period.

Chi Rho Iota Page in Book of Kells (800)

Early European (Medieval) Period

Hiberno-Saxon

Location: Scotland/Ireland

• Writing in Latin. Occasional figure, but very stylized, flat forms. Focus is in making the text beautiful and calligraphic. 
• Used indigo for blue, lichen for green, gypsum for red, and other mixes. One of favorite material was bile from oxen called ox gall.
• Whole idea behind it is making God's word beautiful. Greek letters are first 3 letters of Christ's name.
• Sections that look like enamel and gold broaches show how Anglo-saxon metalwork had huge impact on Christian design.
• Together, the letter reads "Now this is how the birth of Christ came about."

Saint Gall Monastery Plan (800)

Early European (Medieval) Period

Carolingian Empire

Location: Switzerland

• Never really built, just a plan. Designed a Benedictine abbot. Pigment on parchment.
• Monasteries are self-sustained communities. Very important aspects of medieval education and healthcare. Attempting to design the ideal monastery.
• Basilica plan church dominates the plan of the area. Appropriation of forms from Old St. Peters.
• Revival of math and proportions to create beauty. Applies logic and rationality. 
• The widths of the nave and transept have been equalized causes the crossing to become a square.

St. Matthew in Coronation Gospels of Charlemagne

(800)

Early European (Medieval) Period

Carolingian Period

Location: France

• Made with pigment on parchment. Book production continues to be a primary concern. Created for Charlemagne when he was crowned as Holy Emperor.
• Naturalism returns in paintings. Rediscovering Roman realism. Shading, drapery falling in believable fashion, body beneath clothes.
• Roman elements are further seen in the cross-legged chair, lectern, and toga - common Roman accesories.
• Writing word of God. Holding horn to amplify word of God.
• Illusionist brushwork defines massive drapery folds through shading, not line.

Bishop Bernward's Doors of St. Michaels (1000)

Early European (Medieval) Period

Ottonian Period

Location: Hildesheim, Germany

• Side door, not the main door. The door that monks tended to use. Doors are 16 ft. tall, cast both panels at once using lost wax technique.
• Most ambitious bronze casting since the ancient Romans. Bernward was an expert goldsmith who also learned bronze casting. Cast in low relief.
• Narratives seen are Old Testament from Genesis are on left door. Read from top to bottom. On right side, story of Christ from the New Testament. Read from bottom to top.
• Very strong thematic connections between the Testaments. Juxtaposes the beginning of sin and how Christ has come to bear the burden of that sin.
• Very simple, expressive figures. Not interested in the physical body or bodily perfection found in Greek art. Bernward includes his name in the casting, adding a touch of humanism. 

Dome of the Rock (late 7th C)

Early Islamic Period

Location: Jerusalem, Israel

• Made of stone and tilework. Oldest surviving Islamic building. Earliest surviving text from the Qur'an. Exterior was once covered by mosaic, but replaced with tile when they started falling off.
• Centralized plan shows influence of Byzantine architecture.Pierced screens are one of the styles of Islamic architecture. Favored horseshoe arch which was very narrow at the bottom.
• Focused on abstract and floral motifs. Does NOT focus on figurative imagery. Therefore, not really a concern with anatomy or perspective. Love of abstract motifs believed to be an aid in prayer because it frees one's mind from the material world.  
• In the middle of the dome, a big rock is enshrined. The giant rock is believed to be the spot where Muhammad ascended to heaven.
• For Jews, temple is seen as the temple of Solomon. Christians believe it as the place of the creation of Adam.

Great Mosque (begun 800c, majority built by 1000)

Early Islamic Period

Location: Cordoba, Spain

• Originally a church. Expanded as a mosque, and then it returned to a church. Now it's a state museum.
• Inside prayer hall were 514 recycled Roman columns. About 10 ft tall. In addition, massive piers are added for support. 
• Covered in arabesque floral motifs to free the mind. Symbolic of the paradise waiting after death.
• Patrons of the multiple expansions of the mosque were caliphs.
• Building made of stone and brick. White and red stripes on the arches are different materials. White is stone, to give the arch strength; red is brick, to give the arch flexibility. 

St. Sernin (1100)

Romanqesue Period

Location: Toulouse, France

• Stone building. Return to monumental sculpture, but only in the context of a church. Typically over the door of the church.
• Barrel vaulted ceiling and compound columns are signatures of Romanesque churchs. No giant towers that mark the entrance of the tower.
• Extended apse where chapels were built on that would contain relics. Would draw pilgrims that would create a future mercantile economy for the area. 
• Arched windows in the top level would draw light in that directed pilgrims toward the apse and reliquary. Massive buttresses that apply counter pressure to barrel vaults.
• Use of stone is an attempt to fireproof the building and dwarf visitors in the presence of God. 

Last Judgment relief of Cathedral of St. Lazare by Gislebertus (1100)

Romanesque

Location: Autun, France

• Tympanum sculpture. Standard in Romanesque design.
• From the Book of Revelations, final book of NT. Discusses 2nd coming of Christ and everyone will be judged. Appealing to the masses that tend to me illiterate. 
• Shows that you need to have morals and avoid the vices in order to enter heaven. Christ dominates the scene in the center as the largest figure, returning to hierarchical figure
• Very stylized. Flattened in the "glass pane" effect. No sense of the body beneath clothes, hovers with toes pointed down, puppet-looking joints. Embracing a more expressive style. 
• Mary in heaven holding the key as the passageway to heaven. All the good are on the right hand of Christ while everything else is on the left. 

Bayeux Tapestry (1066)

Romanesque

Location: Norman, England or France

• Secular work of art. Historical narrative, not a story of Christianity. Depicted the Battle of Hastings when the Normans took over the Anglo-Saxon rulers in England. 
• Woven linen and wool embroidery. 8 colors of wool that are used to stitch the story. 20"x230'. 
• Designed to be displayed in the naive of the Bayeux cathedral during special occasions. Created by the court women and took about 20 yrs to create.
• When Edward died, the Duke of Wessex named himself, Harold, king. But Duke of Normand, William the Conqueror, was stronger and wanted the crown.
• Very stylized figures, but a lot of motion and gestures taking place. Over 600 figures, 800 animals, 37 buildings, 41 ships, and 2000 letters.

Notre Dame Cathedral of Chartres (1200)

Gothic Period

Location: Chartres, France

• When began building it, was first Romanesque style, but destroyed by fire. Rebuilt in Gothic style. Near the end of it, there's a proto-Renaissance style within the sculpture.
• Built out of stone. Stonemasons built by training through apprenticeships through guilds. Head stonemasons so important that they were getting buried inside the naive of the churches like royals.
• Standard Latin cross basilica with westward towers. External buttresses allowed for stained glass. 
• As you're moving toward altar, red turns into blue to symbolize material world into spiritual realm. 
• Renewed interested in naturalism and the human form as seen in musculature painted on the human forms in stained glass. 

Annunciation and Visitation Jamb Statues (1250)

Gothic period

Location: Reims Cathedral, France

• 2 scenes depicted. 1) When Gabriel comes down and tells Mary that she's going to give birth to Christ. 2) Visitation: Mary being visited by her cousin Elizabeth who later gave birth to St. John the Baptist, who baptized Jesus.
• Over life size, 7 ft. tall. Made out of stone.
• 2 on the right made by "The Classical Master." Seemingly idealized face (3rd figure), contrapposto, deep carving, implied movement.
• #2 made by the "Amiems Master" in 1245. Face has "pinched" features that was his trademark.
• #1 was made by "Master of the Smiling Angels." Made in 1255. Style that continues with the greatest amount of force during the Gothic style. Very elegant and elongated.

Ste. Chapelle (mid 13th C)

Gothic Period

Location: Paris, France

• Very small, apse sized chapel. Personal devotional chapel for the court. King Louis IX kept his relics here. 
• 75% of the walls are stained glass. Highest ratio of glass to stone of any gothic structure
• Guilded the columnettes on the piers. Painted the domes dark blue with gold stars to represent the dome of heaven.
• Masterpiece of the Rayonnant (radiant) style of the High Gothic.
• The supporting elements of the building are mullions, vertical stone bars.

Pulpit Nativity by Nicola Pisano (1260)

Italian Gothic

Location: Baptistery, Pisa, Italy

• Equivalent to jamb figures in Reims, France. 15ft tall. Rests on columns with capitols evoking Corinthian order. 
• 6 large relief panels carved out of marble, 4 ft across. Originally used as a podium to read liturgies from. 
• Carved with scenes of the life of Jesus. Very deeply carved high relief with very naturalistic Mary reclining. Hierarchical scale employed.
• Clothing folds and weight of Mary show a revival of ancient Roman art. Desire for 3D form, creating illusion of depth and form. 
• Proto-Renaissance artist.  Probably inspired by Roman sarcophagi. Continuous narrative: 3 scenes packed into one. 

Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets (1280)

Italian Gothic Period

Location: Florence, Italy

• Cimabue was the mentor of Giotto. Tempera on wood panel. Gold leaf applied to the panel to represent heavenly light. About 10x7 ft. 
• The image of the virgin and child was the most high demanded image in churches. Altarpiece placed within the apse of a church. 
• Work looked a lot like the Byzantine icon styles. Sometimes referred to painting in the Italo-Byzantine style. 
• Madonna shown as queen of heaven. Larger than everyone else, so she is employed using hierarchical scale. 
• Major attempt at naturalism. . Form shown beneath clothing. Attempt at shading to create the illusion of volume or mass. Foreshortening shown in the hands. 

Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints by Duccio (1310)

Italian Gothic Period

Location: Siena, Italy

• Tempera on wood panel with gold leaf. Duccio was competition for both Giotto and Cimabue. 30 yrs after Cimabue, move towards naturalism and humanism. 
• 50 panels. Took an entire workshop 3 yrs to create the entire piece. Was paraded down the street to its installation.
• Arrange in the courtly fashion. Madonna and child larger than anyone else, surrounded by nameable saints. Very sumptuous, like courtly images.
• Desire to create a 3D form by the knee poking out and the drapery falling believably around her body. Attempt to make paint appear like marble inlay.
• Main panel represents the Virgin enthroned as Queen of Heaven amid chrosues of angels and saints.

Madonna Enthroned by Giotto (1305)

Italian Gothic Period

Location: Florence, Italy

• Tempera on panel with gold leaf. Catalyst for future Renaissance artists.
• Able to paint something that looks like painted sculpture. Space created with the delicate throne is very believable in its space.
• Angels on either side are stacked back, raither than stacked up. Clarity of faces of the angels are sacrificed in order to create a more believeable space.
• Clothing folds fall deep betwen her knees. Baby Christ has fat rolls on his hands. Tries to capture the natural beauty in the world, to show God's love for the world. 
• Style recognized by the Giotto "eye" which are rectangular. 

Arena Chapel (Lamentation Scene) by Giotto (1340)

Italian Gothic Period

Location: Padua, Italy

• Family chapel of a local wealthy family, the Scrovegni. Very humanist people. Once connected to their palace, but palace no longer exists. 
• Four tiers of painting. 1st tier life of Mary, 2nd tier is life of christ, 3rd tier passion of christ. Marble panels alternating represent vices and virtue.
• Painting in monochromatic way in order to read like sculpture. 38 scenes total. Each scene measures 6x6 ft. 
• Figures with their back turned attempts to integrate the spectator into the painting as well. Everyone not standing on the same ground line to show realism. 
• Although landscapes and backgrounds are detailed, focus remains on the figures, which carries onto the Renaissance. 

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Allegory of Good Government by Lorenzetti Bros. (1340)

Italian Gothic Period

Location: Siena, Italy

• In the city: ideal, utopian representation of Siena. First cityscape since ancient Roman painting.
• Clear foreground, middle ground, background. Shows a nice big city wall, which divides good govt. Shows nobles visiting the city, schools, taverns and bars, construction. Intuitive perspective. 
• In the country: first landscape we have seen since the ancient Romans. Attempt at atmospheric perspective. 
• New sense of spacial depth. Land is producing, everyone is well-fed, humanistic interest in govt. Run by the people.
• Fresco was painted in the city hall.