Term
| A 150lb male has how much water in his body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentages make up that 40l of water? |
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Definition
65% intracellular fluid (inside the cells)
25% extracellular fluid
8% blood/lymph
2% transcellular fluid (cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, pericardial) |
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Term
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Definition
| averages about ~2500 ml/day |
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Term
| what two sources is water gained from? |
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Definition
| metabolic water and preformed water in food and drinking water. |
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Term
| how much water is in metabolic and preformed water (in food and drink)? |
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Definition
metabolic: ~200 ml/day
Preformed:~ 700ml/day in food. ~1600ml/day by drinking water |
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Term
| what are the 5 ways your body loses water? |
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Definition
| urine,cutaneous transpiration, expired breath, feces, sweat |
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Term
| out of the 5 ways your body loses water, which one releases the most? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water balance is regulated through complex interactions that begin in the _________ in the thirst center where a number of parameters such as _____,_____. |
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Definition
| hypothalamus; ADH levels and blood osmolality |
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Term
| satiation of thirst requires that the water be absorbed through the lining of the _______and lower the ________ of the blood. This process takes about _____ minutes and would greatly overdo our water intake. |
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Definition
| intestines; osmolality; 30 |
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Term
| which is more common, fluid excess or fluid deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid excess: Volume excess |
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Definition
| when sodium chloride (salt) concentration remain the same and the osmotic pressure remains constant. |
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Term
| Fluid Excess: hypotonic hydration |
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Definition
| The water dilutes the fluid surrounding cells and causes them to swell. This may result in metabolic disorders, nausea, vomiting, muscular cramps, and, in extreme cases, death. |
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Term
| hypotonic hydration sometimes occurs when... |
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Definition
| you lose large volumes of water and salt as urine or sweat and you replace the loss with water alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when excess fluid accumulates in a particular part of the body |
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Term
| Edema: one of the causes of? and what 3 things does this often involve? |
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Definition
| one of the causes of fluid sequestration. often involves increased capillary filtration, reduced capillary reabsorption, obstructed lymphatic drainage. |
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Term
| How much sodium is needed per day and how much does the typical person get? |
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Definition
| .5 g a day needed. but most people recieve about 10-15 g a day. |
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Term
| What are sodium levels regulated by? |
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Definition
| aldosterone secretion and ADH levels |
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Term
| what is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is responsible for regulating potassium? |
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Definition
| strongly tied to sodium regulation and aldosterone plays a major role. |
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Term
| How does regulating potassium work? |
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Definition
1. when potassium levels start to get too high, aldosterone secretion is turned on.
2.aldosterone secretion triggers K+ secretion in the kidney tubules. ( telling the kidneys to remove more potassium) |
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Term
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Definition
| high potassium levels in the blood. |
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Term
| what can happen to cells if there is excess potassium in the ECF? (hyperkalemia) |
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Definition
| it causes potassium ions to leak into the cells and depolarize them. can make muscle and nerve cells stop working and can cause cardiac arrest. |
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Term
| where can excess potassium occur? |
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Definition
| sometimes occurs from blood transfusions of stored blood because the potassium tends to leak out of the RB cells and into the plasma during storage. |
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Term
| Chloride ion concentrations follow _______ and ______ levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium homeostasis involves ______ and ___________ hormone secretion. |
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Definition
| calcitonin and parathyroid |
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Term
| __________ levels play a role in ATP synthesis and degradation, as well as forming main buffers in the body. |
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Definition
| phosphate (HPO4 and H2PO4) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what PH level is neutral? |
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Definition
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Term
| the Ph scale is ________ meaning that the last value is either 10x more or less concentrated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic means _____ H+ and is ___ on the scale |
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Definition
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Term
| H+ ion concentration and the PH scale relate _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bases (OH-) and H+ ions react to make__ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that resist changes in PH by either absorbing H+ or OH- ions |
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Term
| our tissue fluids are slightly basic with a PH of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the buffer system do? |
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Definition
| keep our tissues at a slightly basic pH |
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Term
| Bicarbonate ion system equation |
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Definition
| Co2 + H20 <--> H2CO3 <---> HCO3 + H+ |
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Term
| the bicarbonate buffer system optimally keeps a pH of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the phosphate buffer system optimally keeps a ph of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
COOH ----> COO + H+
NH2 + H+ <---> NH3 |
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Term
| The respiratory system plays a major role in PH control by using the |
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Definition
reciprocal of the bicarbonate buffer system
(the bicarbonate system backwards) |
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Term
| the kidneys secrete ____ ions into the _____ convoluted tubules and collecting ducts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excess acid in the body systems |
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Term
respiratory symptom of acidosis
metabolic symptom of acidosis |
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Definition
hypoventilation;
excess organic acid production and diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| body fluids have excess base. |
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Term
| respiratory and metabolic symptoms of alkalosis |
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Definition
resp: hyperventilation
metabolic: chronic vomiting |
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