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Week 1 Flashcard set
Chapter 1 and 2 flashcards
22
Other
Undergraduate 2
04/30/2014

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Term
CRITICAL THINKER
Definition

Someone who uses 

specific criteria to 

evaluate reasoning, 

form positions, and 

make decisions.

Term
ARGUMENT
Definition

A conclusion 

about an issue that is 

supported by reasons

Term
CONCLUSION
Definition

A position 

taken about an issue, also 

called a claim or an opinion; 

in deductive reasoning, the 

inference drawn from the 

major and minor premises; 

in research, the meaning and 

significance of the data as 

interpreted by the researcher. 

Term
ISSUE
Definition

The question or 

subject under discussion.

Term
REASONS
Definition

Statements of 

evidence given to support 

conclusions

Term
ASSUMPTIONS
Definition

Beliefs,

usually taken for 

granted, that are based 

on the experiences, 

observations, or desires 

of an individual or 

group

Term
VALUES
Definition

Beliefs, ideals, or 

principles that are considered 

worthy and held in high 

regard

Term
VALUE ASSUMPTIONS
Definition

Beliefs

about what is good and 

important that form the basis 

of an individual’s opinion on 

issues

Term
VALUE CONFLICTS
Definition

Disagreements about the 

priority different values should 

have in decision making. 

Term
VALUE PRIORTIZATION
Definition

The process of choosing the 

most important values in an 

issue.

Term
MORALS
Definition

Principles that 

distinguish right from wrong 

behavior; see also ethics. 

Term
LIBERTARAINSIM
Definition

A belief 

system in which behavior is 

considered ethical when it 

allows for one’s individual 

freedom and does not restrict 

the freedom of others. 

Term
  1.    UTILITARIANISM
Definition

A belief 

system in which behavior is 

considered ethical when it 

promotes the greatest general 

happiness and minimizes 

unhappiness.

Term
EGALITARIANISM
Definition

A belief 

system in which behavior 

is considered to be ethical 

when equal opportunities and 

consequences apply to all 

people.

Term
RELIGIOUS VALUES
Definition

An ethical 

system based on spiritual truth 

and the principles of loving 

God and loving one’s neighbor. 

Term
PRIMA FACIE VALUES
Definition

 A

system of universal ethical 

principles, such as honesty 

and respect for others, that 

are considered to be self-

evident and obvious to rational 

individuals of every culture.

Term
IDEAL VALUE
Definition

 A value 

considered to be right 

and good. 

Term
REAL VALUE
Definition

A value 

considered to be right and 

good that is acted upon in 

one’s life. 

Term
ROLE EXCHANGE TEST
Definition

A test 

for ethical decision making 

that involves empathizing 

with the people affected 

by an action that is being 

considered

Term
UNIVERSAL CONSEQUENCES TEST
Definition

A test for ethical 

decision making that focuses 

on the general consequences 

of an action under 

consideration.

Term
NEW CASES TEST
Definition

 A test for 

ethical decision making that 

asks whether a decision is 

consistent with decisions that 

would be made in similar, 

harder cases. 

Term
HIGHER PRINCIPLES TEST
Definition

An ethical test by which one 

determines if the principle 

on which one is acting is 

consistent with a higher or 

more general principle that 

one accepts. 

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