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Week 3 Flashcards
Week 3 Flashcards
32
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Undergraduate 2
05/19/2014

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Term
Fallacies
Definition
A fallacy is an argument that uses poor reasoning.
Term
Faulty Analogy
Definition
A false analogy is a faulty instance of the argument from analogy.
Term
False cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Definition
False Cause: the fallacy committed when an argument mistakenly attempt to establish a causal connection. There are two basic interrelated kinds.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: (literally "after this, therefore because of this") the fallacy of arguing that one event was caused by another event merely because it occurred after that event.
Term
Correlation
Definition
Correlation refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence
Term
Causation
Definition
the act or process of causing something to happen or exist

: the relationship between an event or situation and a possible reason or cause
Term
Slippery slope
Definition
is a logical device, but is usually known under its fallacious form in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any rational argument or demonstrable mechanism for the inevitability of the event in question. A slippery slope argument states that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect, much like an object given a small push over the edge of a slope sliding all the way to the bottom
Term
Straw man
Definition
is committed when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position
Term
Hasty conclusion
Definition
This fallacy is committed when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough.
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.
Term
False dilemma (either-or-fallacy)
Definition
is a type of informal fallacy that involves a situation in which limited alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option.
Term
Begging the question
Definition
means "assuming the conclusion (of an argument)", a type of circular reasoning. This is an informal fallacy where the conclusion that one is attempting to prove is included in the initial premises of an argument, often in an indirect way that conceals this fact.
Term
Red herring
Definition
used to refer to something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue.[1] It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or characters towards a false conclusion.
Term
Ad hominem (attacking the person)
Definition
is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument
Term
Two wrongs make a right
Definition
are phrases that denote philosophical norms. "Two wrongs make a right" is a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation
Term
Look who’s talking
Definition
When an arguer rejects another person's argument or claim because that person fails to practice what he or she preaches. Tu Quoque follows the pattern
Term
Ad populum
Definition
is a fallacious argument that concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it.
Term
Appeal to tradition
Definition
s a common fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis that it correlates with some past or present tradition.
Term
Appeal to pity
Definition
This fallacy occurs when an arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion, when such feelings are not logically relevant to the arguer's conclusion.
Term
suggestion
Definition

The

presentation of ideas or 

images in such a way as 

to reveal certain ideas or 

qualities and to conceal 

others

Term
sensationalism
Definition

A method 

used to attract viewers by 

presenting more exciting 

stories over less-exciting but 

perhaps more newsworthy 

ones; the most bizarre, visually 

interesting, or sensational

elements of these stories are 

featured.

Term
sound bite
Definition

An excerpt 

from a speech or report that 

is presented as summarizing 

but may actually distort the 

sentiments of the speaker or 

writer. 

Term
framing
Definition

The deliberate or 

unconscious use of camera 

shots to influence audiences; 

also, the use of a number 

of techniques by journalists 

and broadcasters to create 

a particular impression of 

reality. 

Term
fairness doctrine
Definition

A former U.S. policy by which 

broadcasters must allow equal 

airtime for all sides of an 

issue.

Term
spin
Definition

The use of language, 

particularly in politics and 

public relations, to create a 

biased, positive connotation 

for ideas, events, or policies 

that one favors, and a biased 

negative impression about 

ideas, events, or policies that 

one dislikes. 

Term
lead
Definition

The introductory 

sentence of a news story that 

is meant to give a reader the 

essence or general meaning of 

the story. 

Term
representer
Definition

A term used 

synonymously with the word 

reporter to indicate that 

reporters make strategic 

choices that frame news 

stories.

Term
fuzzy words
Definition

Weasel words 

that create an appealing 

claim or impression without 

specifically defining a concrete 

meaning for the words or 

phrases used. 

Term
product placement
Definition

The practice of integrating 

or embedding products in 

films, television programs, and 

other media in order to reach 

consumers.

Term
gestalt principle
Definition

A principle that states that 

our minds strive toward 

congruence and completion 

of information. If a message 

strikes us as incomplete, we 

will fill in the missing details 

ourselves.

Term
eye tracking
Definition

Using

photographic technology to 

record exactly where a person 

is looking as he or she is 

interacting with some kind 

of visual display in order to 

create ads and websites that 

attract a target audience. 

Term
subliminal persuasion
Definition

Information meant to affect 

people on an unconscious 

level, some of which can 

be detected with training 

and some of which cannot 

be detected with the 

conscious mind, regardless of 

training. The existence and 

effectiveness of this latter 

form of subliminal persuasion 

remains under dispute

Term
neuromarketing
Definition

Using

technology to determine 

consumers’ internal, 

subconscious reactions to 

products and brand names 

in order to plan effective 

marketing strategies. 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!