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The primate family hominidae. H omo Sapiens, modern human, is only species of this faimly still in existance. First appeared about 100,000 years ago. |
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-Food-collecting society where people live by hunting, fishing, and gathering fruits and nuts. -No crops/ livestock raised. -Nomadic, but in agricultural boom many settled down in villages. |
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-Time: between 10,000 and 5000 B.C. -Domesticate dogs (useful in hunting) & then other animals, and learned how to cultivate crops. (wheat & barley) -About 13,000 B.C. people begin to specialize in wild crops & collect hunted animals -Begain in crescent-shaped zone of land of dependable rainfall -Stretches from present day South Jordan-South Iran -W/ this came agricultural settlements at around 7000 B.C. |
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-3500-3100 B.C. -1st writing in Mesopotamia spread to Egypt -wedge-shaped impressions in clay -first used to record offerings to the gods
-used for economic records -About 600 signs
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-Easier to transport and pen and ink was easier than using clay tablets -Plant grew on Nile |
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-Dominant inhabitants of Southern Mesopotamia in 3200 B.C. -World's 1st civilization w/ 30 independent city states w/ common culture, commerce, and frequent war upon eachother -invented the wheel & plow -1st Royal Dynasty -polytheist, gods were thought to be like human beings. Had ziggurat (temple-complex) -made advances in mathematics, astronomy, and engineering
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-Ancient Egypt King, absolute ruller -occured because of static outlook, where the gods were all-powerful and nothing is constant NILE
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-Carried out by King Amenhotep IV (1352- 1336 B.C.) -Seizure of power from temple priests and replacement of god Amun-Re w/ Aten & renaming himself Akhenaten, only family could worship directly and the rest of the people had to worship --> pharaoh -After death the cult died, and after Tutankhaten's death military exercised great influence over the empire
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-First speakers of indo-European language (language group to which English branches off from) to establish a civilization -1800 B.C. -warriors and administrators -fought Egypt to standstill |
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-Ruled near east (northern Iraq) in Bronze Age -expansionistic, first to use calvary as main strike force -mass deportations so as to assimilate them into the Assyrian culture
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-Ruled W. Asia (founded 626 B.C.) -rebuilt Babylon (hanging gardens) -Destroyed Jerusalem, deported Judeans (Babylonina Captivity) -Ruled by Nabuchadrezzar II -astronomical advances
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-Canaanites whose civilization flourished about 1050-750 B.C. in present-day Syria -Rose through trade, colonies all over Mediterranean which became indpt. states -open to outside influence (shown through art w/ Egyptian and Greek influence) |
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-Vast, prosperous, law-abiding -West Asian empire -550- 330 B.C. -greatest success of universal kingship -1st navy -provincial gov.s (satraps) -spoke Aramaic (most widespread lang)
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-Religion founded by Persian prophet Zarathustra -Supreme deity w/ a cosmic contest between good and evil (ethical dualism)
-Religion of Persia until Muslim conquest -1000-550 B.C. -rose in midst of society dominated by blood cults,violent gods, and sacrifices -fire sign of purity -power of one god over all people, not a monotheist though
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-1st 5 books of Bible -Accepted as sacred by Hebrews around 425 B.C. -working of God's covenant w/ Hebrews -Historical books of prophets (Joshua, Judges, Kings, and Chronicles as well as Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and 12 "minor prophets") |
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-Pact God made w/ Abraham (1st patriarch of Israel) -In return for land of Canaan & promise of becoming 1 nation the Israelites promised to worship no other gods -action has moral, military, & political consequences -shows God's plan for humanity
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-People who settled on the E. shore of Med. -1200 B.C. -Belief in 1 God influences Christian, Muslim & modern Jews -Abraham
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-Belief in 1 God -2000-1500 B.C. -God commands Abraham to give up polytheism for 1 God
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-2000-1490 B.C. -Aegean island Crete (Greece's 1st civ.) -sophisticated culture & econ. administrated from elaborate palaces -King Minos (later Greek myth) -bureaucrats supervised economy -exploited timber -men & women play important role in cult & ritual (shown through art) -end is thought to be by invasion
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-Militaristic Greeks (mainland) -conquered Minoans around 1490-1375 B.C. (though learned from them and adopted minoans-style palace economy) -center of Bronze Age until destruction in 1100 B.C. -1490 destroy Crete -traveled through network of roads -pottery, fortifications, bridges -period from their fall to polis' is called Greek Dark Ages
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-Iliad & Odyssey -written during 8th cent. B.C. -inspired, moved, & motivated the Greeks -lived in area affected by Troy
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-Ancient Greece 700-500 B.C. -patchwork of hundreds of city-states, tribes, and monarchies -1st steps of democracy as well as tyranny, oligarchy -fundamentals of citizenship & law
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-Greek city state -Reached height in 700-300 B.C. -Change came from peace which caused sharp pop. rise & shift from herding to farming -Commerce rises w/ trade -Spread of ideas through this trade
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Battlefield tactic relying on heavy armed pike-bearing infantrymen 700 BC- result of new armaments bronze armor close ranks only independent men of means could afford armor, and most were farmers warrior powress becan central concept to Greeks
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630-560 B.C. appointed sole archon (chief officer) for one year freed those sold into slavery and thus created a larg class of indp. small farmers -insured the democracy by tansforming Greek society through moderation, mediation, respect for the law, and liberation of the poor
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625 B.C.
-of Lesbos -famous private poet writing odes, wedding songs, and hymns expressing intimate feelings, & love for other women -showed she was educated, wordly, and versed in politics -female sexuality that elite class tended to ignore (were mostly bipolar) |
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