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| Grants erasing Catholic Christians from the performance of penance, either in life or after death. The abusive trade in indulgences was major impulse of the Protestant Reformation. |
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| (1483-1546) German monk and professor of theology whose critique of the papacy vis 95 theses launched of protestant Reformation. |
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| Introduced in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz in 1453-55, this new technology quickly revolutionized communication and played a significant role in political, religious, and intellectual revolutions. |
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| King of England from 1509 until his death, Henry rejected the authority of the of the Roman Church in 1534 when the pope refused to annul his marriage to his queen, Catherine of Aragon; he became the founder of the Church of England |
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| A book full of signs of witches; 1550-1750 peak 1550-1650 people reading things for themselves, more inclined to show how religious. |
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Beginning as a conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Germany, this series of skirmishes escalated into a general European war fought on German soil by armies from Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| 1648-1653, Civil War between french nobility nobility want to resist the growing power of the king, basically wanted to keep their privileges really influence Louis XIV and his rule. Money + Military = good way to keep absolutism power. |
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| Called the “Sun King”, he was known for his success at strengthening the institutions of the French absolutist state. He never consult with nobility. |
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| they thought that God sent rulers to become King , political philosophy about justifying absolutism |
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| Louis routine of waking up, he work up the same way every time / ritual |
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| Louis XIV, he lived there, it was like a defense palace and are used to show how rich he was. |
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| Louis didn't live his life like other rulers, his everyday life was about being on stage, he loved the attention, being public |
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Ptolemy of Alexandria promoted Aristotle’s understanding of cosmology. In this system, the heavens orbit the earth in an organized hierarchy of spheres, and the earth and the heavens are made of different matter and subject to different laws of motion. A prime mover (usually understood to be God) produces the motion of the celestial bodies. |
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| Heliocentric universe model |
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| Sun-centered universe model created by copernicus |
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| English coffeehouses were people talked about the french ruler and taxes, tariffs and other government issues. It was a public place for everyone to complain about certain topics. The coffeehouses triggered everyone to get involved on the way how the French government is. |
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| In the eighteenth century, informal gatherings of intellectuals and aristocrats devoted to disclosure about Enlightenment ideas. |
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| The way that the Old Regime was organized (Old regime was anything before French Revolutions). |
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| “What is the Third Estate?” |
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Commoners , ( Everyone else in France ) | Pay taxes
The population of France under the Old Regime was divided into three “estates”- corporate bodies that determined an individual’s rights or obligations under royal law. The clergy constituted the First Estate, the nobility the Second, and the commoners( the vast bulk of population) made up the Third Estate. |
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| Representative body of the three estates in France. In 1789, King Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General to meet for the first time since 1614 because it seemed to be the only solution to France’s worsening economic crisis and financial chaos |
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Governing body of France that succeeded that Estates General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| French charter of liberties formulated by National Assembly during the French Revolution. The seventeen articles later became the preamble to the new constitution, which the assembly finished in 1791 |
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| Charter issued by the French National Assembly in 1790. It declared that all bishops and priests should be subject to the authority of that all state. Their salaries were to be paid out of the public treasury, and they were required to swear allegiance to the new state, making it clear they served France rather than Rome. The Assembly’s aim was to make the Catholic Church of France a truly national and civil institution |
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| (1793-94) Campaign at the height of the French Revolution in which violence, including systematic executions of opponents of the revolution beyond its borders; radicals executed as many as 40,000 persons who were judged to be enemies of the state |
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| Head of the Committee of public safety, incites the Terror, the Terror ends with his execution |
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| Long process of privatizing what had been public agricultural land in eighteenth-century Britain; it helped to stimulate the development of commercial agriculture and forced many people in rural areas to seek work in cities during the early stages of industrialization |
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| Device invented by James Hargreaves that revolutionized the British textile industry by allowing a worker to spin much more thread than was possible on a hand spinner. |
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