Term
|
Definition
- Founder of Western philosophy
- Beliefs
- Universe began in water, out of which everything came
- Earth floats on water like a log
- His own theory, not a mythic story from/about gods
- First step in development of science
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Responded to Thales
- We have fire, which is incompatible w/ H2O?
- Beliefs
- Everything came out of the infinite
- 4 elements (earth, air, water, and fire) came out of spinning infinite
- Elements are released w/ regulation by Goddess Justice (whoops!)
- Demonstrates the difficulty in leaving mythic thinking behind
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Had 2 beefs with Anaximander
- What is Goddess Justice doing there?!?
- What is spinning and spitting elements out?!?
- Beliefs
- Any "x" changes into different forms thru processes (water freezes and boils into solids and gases)
- FIRST REAL INSTANCE OF PURE SCIENCE
- Mechanical, empirical, verifiable, general theory w/o religious or divine elements
- Began a rapid advancement in science, leading to some crazy conclusions based on 'pure' logic
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Beliefs
- Everything is in a state of flux
- Nothing is permanent
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- School of philosophy popular with hyper-rational Greeks
- Tenets
- Relativism
- Given certain circumstances and arguments, anything and everything is justifiable
- NO TRUTH!!! (The only truth is that there is no truth)
- Superiority of reason and coherent argument
- Wandering group of teachers
- Detrimental to traditional social mores
- Destroys the power of the majority (99 people can be wrong while 1 is right)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Argued against Sophism
- Believed in an absolute truth, universal morals
- Ethics, Morality, Relationships within Societies, etc,
- Lived in a world of increasingly complex morality
- "Divine Duty" to "open the eyes of Athens"
- Oracle at Delphi told him (strangely frankly) that he was the wisest man in the world
- "I know one thing, that I do not know anything."
- You have to dig for the truth
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Dialogue as means to the end of discovery
- 'Elénchos'
- Assume P (a proposition)
- We can derive a contradiction from P
- Therefore, not P.
- This pisses people off by shaking core beliefs
- Socratic Irony
- Doesn't just say you're stupid, but laughs about it while doing it.
- This is a main contribution to what got him killed.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Glaucon's argument for why state's must exist
- People are naturally evil, and laws exist to protect us from each other and from ourselves
- The ring allows its wearer to become invisible when spun around
- Wearer in the story rapes the queen, steals money, kills people, etc.
- The only reason evil doesn't cause chaos is because of people's fear of punishment by gov't or society
|
|
|
Term
**The Allegory of the Sun** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Plato's solution to discontent w/ no class mobility
- Create a myth about metals in the blood for the people
- Anyone with gold blood is a ruler, anyone with bronze blood is an ordinary citizen
- This rule applies regardless of parental status
- Justified for the common good
- Plato himself offers this only as a possibility, not sure of its possibility of success
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Education involves both arts and gymnastics
- Can be male or female
- Pursuit of wisdom throughout life
- Philosopher-kings will be better than democracy
- This is what calls for Plato's Theory of Forms
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Son of Philip II (conqueror of Greece)
- Aristotle was his tutor
- Preferred adventure
- Never lost a single battle
- Empire
- Greece, North Africa, Persia, Middle East, all the way to India (Then-Known World)
- Created a cosmopolitan empire
- Married women and adopted customs from different corners of the empire
- Built cities (Alexandria)
|
|
|
Term
The Struggle of the Orders |
|
Definition
- Socio-political conflict between patricians and plebeians
- 5th Century BCE - 287 BCE
- Plebeians pushed for social, political, legal, and economic equality
- Threatened to secede from Rome
- Not pay taxes, work, or serve in army
- Eventually plebeians won full civic equality and legal protection and political roles
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 450 BCE
- First codified Roman laws
- Born out of plebeian pressure during the Struggle of the Orders
- 1st steps towards full civic equality for plebeians
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 218-201 BCE
- Rome vs. Carthage
- Hannibal came this close to ending Rome
- Hannibal crossed the Alps
- Roman defeats at Trebia and Trasimene
- Romans used Fabian strategy in which they avoided major battles in favor of smaller conflicts
- Prevented major losses for Rome
- Loss of morale for Carthage
- Ended with Scipio Africanus defeating Hannibal in Africa
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- General from Carthage
- Fought Rome in the 2nd Punic War
- Crossed the Alps with elephants
- Gathered troops from barbarian neighbors of Rome
- Was this close to ending Rome
- Won several major decisive battles (Trebia, Trasimene, Cannae)
- Left the Gates of Rome literally overnight to return to Carthage
- Eventually defeated in Africa by Scipio Africanus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Brothers Tiberius and Gaius
- Tiberius as tribune became spokesman for land reform
- Saw Rome's dependence on small farmers and land-owners
- Proposed to revive old law preventing anyone owning more than 312 acres of state-owned land
- Tiberius was assassinated by upper-class as a threat
- Gaius took up the cause when elected tribune
- Also let the poor buy grain at less than 1/2 market price
- Also assassinated (or maybe killed himself) because of anger of senatorial class
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Roman general
- Got rid of property requirement for enlistment
- Filled his army with legions of urban poor
- Had to promise loot, pay, and land grants
- Basically created rogue mercenary armies loyal to individuals instead of to Rome
- Set a precedent that other generals would follow
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Part of triumvirate conspiracy to take over Rome (60 BCE)
- He was the politician, working with a general and a wealthy banker
- Became a general of a mercenary army from Gaul
- Acted decisively, moved rapidly, and his men were extremely loyal
- Triumvirate fell apart
- Senate demanded he relinquish his command
- Instead he invaded Rome in 49 BCE
- Senate appointed him dictator for 10 years
- Huge betterments to Rome
- Ruling class jealous of his power and success
- Dictatorship opposed senatorial rule
- Assassinated in 44 BCE
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Caesar's adopted son
- Formally named Octavian
- 1st Roman Emperor
- Military leader → political leader
- Camouflaged authoritarian power in facade of Republic
- Title of 'princips' or first citizen
- Appointed by the Senate (power not taken)
- Political and Social Reform
- Civic Projects
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Ownership of Property
- Keep dowry in divorce
- Father couldn't force marriage
- Business arrangements and wills w/o husband's consent
- Freedom to leave the house
- Education for upper-class women
- Livia (Augustus's wife) was consulted on important political decisions
- 3rd Century - women occasionally controlled throne
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Giant tracks of land used for systemized agriculture of cash-crops for export
- Dependant on slave labor
- One of the causes of Rome's decline was the draw of the latifundia on urban poor and small farmers
- Latifundia became autonomous, crumbling and starving the cities
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Fall of Rome
- Social and Economic Weakness
- Slow communicatn and transportatn
- Lack of stimulating investment
- Class divisions (large rich-poor gap)
- Cultural Stagnation and Transformation
- Barbarian Invasions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Natural Law existed ("true law")
- State laws must be in concord with them
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Mani was a divine prophet
- Advocated peace, vegetarianism, and universality
- Torturous execution (martyr)
- Manichaeism
- Mixed in different things from all different religions
- Gnostic religion
- Not strict in doctrine
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Persian warrior deity
- Mithras killed the evil bull
- Warrior - symbolizes rigor, strength, and power
- Mithras was born on 12/25, was killed, and later resurrected (hmm....)
- Worshipers killed bulls and drank their blood
- Became the dominant cult in Rome
- BUT wouldn't allow women to join
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Plotinus
- Maintained hierarchy of forms from Plato
- Changed the "Form of the Good" → "The One"
- The One CANNOT be reached through sheer rationality
- Need transcendental, mystical "leap of faith"
- No step-by-step proof of God's existence
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Social Contributions
- Challenged status quo, bringing counterarguments (Socrates et. al.) forward
- Made philosophy more pragmatic
- ↓ atoms and metaphysics, ↑ truth, justice, virtue, etc.
- Moral Relativism
- W/IN The Republic
- Main Sophist is Thrasymachos
- At first, defines justice as advantage of the strong over the weak
- Argues for the benefits of injustice
|
|
|
Term
Justice and Division in The Republic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Education of Guardians in The Republic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Women and Family in The Republic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plato's Explanation of
Unhelpfulness of Injustice
in The Republic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hellenistic Cosmopolitanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The 3 Great Greek Achievements
(Be Exact) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cicero's Views in On Friendship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rome's Legal Legacy for Western
Civilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cultural Stagnation/Transformation
and the Decline of Rome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|