Term
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Definition
Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.
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Term
Cognitive component of attitude |
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Definition
The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
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Term
Affective Component of attitude |
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Definition
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. |
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Term
Behavioral Component of attitude |
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Definition
An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. |
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Term
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Definition
Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
Individuals seek to reduce this gap, or “dissonance”
Desire to reduce dissonance depends on
Importance of elements creating dissonance
Degree of individual influence over elements
Rewards involved in dissonance |
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Term
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Definition
Importance of the attitude
Specificity of the attitude
Accessibility of the attitude
Social pressures on the individual
Direct experience with the attitude
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Term
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Definition
Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred.
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Term
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Definition
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job.
Measured with:
Single global rating
Summation score
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Definition
Identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-worth. |
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Term
Organizational Commitment |
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Definition
Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization (Affective, Normative, and Continuance Commitment) |
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Term
Perceived Organizational Support (POS) |
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Definition
Degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being. |
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Definition
An individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization. |
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Term
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Definition
Eliciting responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, and the organization. |
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Definition
Behavior directed toward leaving the organization.
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Term
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Definition
Active and constructive attempts to improve conditions.
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Definition
Passively waiting for conditions to improve.
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Definition
Allowing conditions to worsen.
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Term
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Definition
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others; measurable traits a person exhibits.
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Term
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Definition
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
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Term
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Definition
Heredity
Environment
Situation
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Term
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
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Definition
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career guidance
Should not be used as a selection tool because it has not been related to job performance! |
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Term
The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions |
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Definition
Extroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Emotional Stability Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).
Openness to Experience Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive
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Term
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Definition
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
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Term
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Definition
Self-esteem
Locus of Control
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Term
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Definition
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.
Internals (Internal locus of control)
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them.
Externals (External locus of control) Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.
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Term
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Definition
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
Conditions Favoring High Machs
Direct interaction with others
Minimal rules and regulations
Emotions distract for others
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Term
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Definition
Has grandiose sense of self-importance
Requires excessive admiration
Has a sense of entitlement
Is arrogant
Tends to be rated as less effective
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Term
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Definition
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
High Self-Monitors
Receive better performance ratings
Likely to emerge as leaders
Show less commitment to their organizations |
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Term
High Risk-taking Managers |
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Definition
Make quicker decisions
Use less information to make decisions
Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations
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Term
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Definition
Are slower to make decisions
Require more information before making decisions
Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
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Term
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Definition
Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
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Term
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Definition
are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
strive to think or do two or more things at once;
cannot cope with leisure time;
are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
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Term
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Definition
never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;
feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;
play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;
can relax without guilt.
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Term
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Definition
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs.
Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.
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Term
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Definition
Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)
Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.
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Term
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Definition
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity
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Term
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Definition
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
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Term
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Definition
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Power Distance |
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Definition
The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal power distribution between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Individualism |
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Definition
The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Collectivism |
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Definition
A tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Masculinity |
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Definition
The extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and materialism are also valued.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Femininity |
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Definition
The extent to which there is little differentiation between roles for men and women.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Uncertainty Avoidance |
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Definition
The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not like ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not mind ambiguous situations & embraces them. |
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Long-term Orientation |
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Definition
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
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Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Short-term Orientation |
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Definition
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now.
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Term
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland) |
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Definition
Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic |
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Term
Organizational Culture Profile (OCP) |
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Definition
Useful for determining person-organization fit
Survey that forces choices/rankings of one’s personal values
Helpful for identifying most important values to look for in an organization (in efforts to create a good fit)
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Term
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Definition
Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers’ judgments of applicants.
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Term
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Definition
Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities.
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Term
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Definition
A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled out—typically on the basis of race or ethnicity—for intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.
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Term
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Definition
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
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Term
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Definition
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
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Term
Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
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Term
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Definition
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
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Term
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Definition
Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
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Term
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Definition
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
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Term
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Definition
Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.
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Term
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Definition
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
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Term
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Definition
Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of another employee’s job performance.
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Term
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Definition
A perceived discrepancy between the current state of affairs and a desired state.
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Term
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Definition
Choices made from among alternatives developed from data perceived as relevant.
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Term
Rational Decision-
Making Model |
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Definition
Describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.
Model Assumptions
Problem clarity
Known options
Clear preferences
Constant preferences
No time or cost constraints
Maximum payoff
Steps
Define the problem.
Identify the decision criteria.
Allocate weights to the criteria.
Develop the alternatives.
Evaluate the alternatives.
Select the best alternative.
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Term
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Definition
The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
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Term
Three-Component
Model of Creativity |
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Definition
Proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
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Term
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Definition
Individuals make decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
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Term
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Definition
seeking the first alternative that solves problem
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Term
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Definition
Believing too much in our own ability to make good decisions.
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Term
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Definition
Using early, first received information as the basis for making subsequent judgments.
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Term
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Definition
Using only the facts that support our decision.
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Term
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Definition
Using information that is most readily at hand.
Recent
Vivid
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Term
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Definition
“Mixing apples with oranges”
Assessing the likelihood of an occurrence by trying to match it with a preexisting category using only the facts that support our decision.
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Term
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Definition
Highest bidder pays too much
Likelihood of “winner’s curse” increases with the number of people in auction.
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Term
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Definition
In spite of new negative information, commitment actually increases!
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Term
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Definition
Creating meaning out of random events
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Term
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Definition
Looking back, once the outcome has occurred, and believing that you accurately predicted the outcome of an event
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Term
Intuitive Decision Making |
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Definition
An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
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Term
Conditions Favoring Intuitive Decision Making |
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Definition
A high level of uncertainty exists
There is little precedent to draw on
Variables are less scientifically predictable
“Facts” are limited
Facts don’t clearly point the way
Analytical data are of little use
Several plausible alternative solutions exist
Time is limited and pressing for the right decision
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Term
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Definition
Evaluation criteria influence the choice of actions.
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Term
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Definition
Decision makers make action choices that are favored by the organization.
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Term
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Definition
Organizational rules and policies limit the alternative choices of decision makers.
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Term
System-imposed Time Constraints |
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Definition
Organizations require decisions by specific deadlines.
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Term
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Definition
Past decisions influence current decisions.
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Term
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Definition
Seeking the greatest good for the greatest number.
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Definition
Respecting and protecting basic rights of individuals such as whistleblowers.
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Term
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Definition
Imposing and enforcing rules fairly and impartially.
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Term
Ethics and National Culture |
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Definition
There are no global ethical standards.
The ethical principles of global organizations that reflect and respect local cultural norms are necessary for high standards and consistent practices.
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