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Wittenberg University - 2010 Organizational Behavior Test 3
Wittenberg University - Dr. Spence - Material for Test 2
89
Management
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2010

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Attitudes
Definition

Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.

Term
Cognitive component of attitude
Definition

The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

Term
Affective Component of attitude
Definition
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.
Term
Behavioral Component of attitude
Definition
An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition

Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. 

Individuals seek to reduce this gap, or “dissonance”


 

Desire to reduce dissonance depends on 

Importance of elements creating dissonance

Degree of individual influence over elements

Rewards involved in dissonance

Term
Moderating Variables
Definition

Importance of the attitude

Specificity of the attitude

Accessibility of the attitude

Social pressures on the individual

Direct experience with the attitude

Term
Self-Perception Theory
Definition

Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred.

Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition

A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job.


Measured with:

Single global rating

Summation score

Term
Job Involvement
Definition
Identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-worth.
Term
Organizational Commitment
Definition
Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization (Affective, Normative, and Continuance Commitment)
Term
Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
Definition
Degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being.
Term
Employee Engagement
Definition
An individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization.
Term
Attitude Surveys
Definition
Eliciting responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, and the organization.
Term
Exit
Definition

Behavior directed toward leaving the organization.

Term
Voice
Definition

Active and constructive attempts to improve conditions.

Term
Loyalty
Definition

Passively waiting for conditions to improve.

Term
Neglect
Definition

Allowing conditions to worsen.

Term
Personality
Definition

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others; measurable traits a person exhibits.

Term
Personality Traits
Definition

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

Term
Personality Determinants
Definition

Heredity

Environment

Situation

Term
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Definition

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.


Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)


Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career guidance


Should not be used as a selection tool because it has not been related to job performance!

Term
The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
Definition

Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).

Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

Term
Projective measures
Definition

Rorschach Inkblot Test 

Thematic Apperception Test

Term
Core Self-evaluation
Definition

Self-esteem

Locus of Control

Term
Self Esteem
Definition

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves. 

Term
Locus of Control
Definition

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.


Internals (Internal locus of control) 

Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them.


Externals (External locus of control)
Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

Term
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Definition

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.


Conditions Favoring High Machs

Direct interaction with others

Minimal rules and regulations

Emotions distract for others

Term
Narcissism
Definition

Has grandiose sense of self-importance

Requires excessive admiration

Has a sense of entitlement

Is arrogant

Tends to be rated as less effective

Term
Self-Monitoring
Definition

 

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. 



High Self-Monitors

Receive better performance ratings

Likely to emerge as leaders

Show less commitment to their organizations

Term
High Risk-taking Managers
Definition

Make quicker decisions

Use less information to make decisions

Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations

Term
Low Risk-taking Managers
Definition

Are slower to make decisions

Require more information before making decisions

Exist in larger organizations with stable environments

Term
Risk Propensity
Definition

Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

Term
Type A’s
Definition

are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;

feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;

strive to think or do two or more things at once;

cannot cope with leisure time;

are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Term
Type B’s
Definition

 

never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;

feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;

play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;

can relax without guilt.

 

Term
Proactive Personality
Definition

Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. 

Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.

Term
Values
Definition

Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)


Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.

Influence our perception of the world around us.

Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”

Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.

Term
Value System
Definition

 

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity

 

Term
Terminal Values
Definition

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Term
Instrumental Values
Definition

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Power Distance
Definition

The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Low distance: relatively equal power between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

High distance: extremely unequal power distribution between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Individualism
Definition

The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups.

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Collectivism
Definition

A tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Masculinity
Definition

The extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and materialism are also valued.

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Femininity
Definition

The extent to which there is little differentiation between roles for men and women. 

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Uncertainty Avoidance
Definition

The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

 

High Uncertainty Avoidance:  Society does not like ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them. 

Low Uncertainty Avoidance:  Society does not mind ambiguous situations & embraces them.  

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Long-term Orientation
Definition

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Term
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures - Short-term Orientation
Definition

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now. 

Term
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Definition

Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.


Realistic

Investigative

Social

Conventional

Enterprising

Artistic

Term
Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)
Definition

Useful for determining person-organization fit

Survey that forces choices/rankings of one’s personal values

Helpful for identifying most important values to look for in an organization (in efforts to create a good fit)

Term
Employment Interview
Definition

Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers’ judgments of applicants.

Term
Performance Expectations
Definition

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities.


Term
Ethnic Profiling
Definition

A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled out—typically on the basis of race or ethnicity—for intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.

Term
Perception
Definition

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Term
Attribution Theory
Definition

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Term
Selective Perception
Definition

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

Term
Halo Effect
Definition

Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Term
Contrast Effects
Definition

Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

Term
Projection
Definition

Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.

Term
Stereotyping
Definition

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.

Term
Performance Evaluations
Definition

Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of another employee’s job performance.

Term
Problem
Definition

A perceived discrepancy between the current state of affairs and a desired state.

Term
Decisions
Definition

Choices made from among alternatives developed from data perceived as relevant.

Term
Rational Decision-
Making Model
Definition

 

Describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.


Model Assumptions

Problem clarity

Known options

Clear preferences

Constant preferences

No time or cost constraints

Maximum payoff


Steps

Define the problem.

Identify the decision criteria.

Allocate weights to the criteria.

Develop the alternatives.

Evaluate the alternatives.

Select the best alternative.

 

 

Term
Creativity
Definition

The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.

Term
Three-Component 
Model of Creativity
Definition

Proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.

Term
Bounded Rationality
Definition

Individuals make decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

Term
Satisficing
Definition

seeking the first alternative that solves problem

Term
Overconfidence Bias
Definition

Believing too much in our own ability to make good decisions.

Term
Anchoring Bias
Definition

Using early, first received information as the basis for making subsequent judgments.

Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition

Using only the facts that support our decision.

Term
Availability Bias
Definition

Using information that is most readily at hand.

Recent 

Vivid

Term
Representative Bias
Definition

“Mixing apples with oranges”

Assessing the likelihood of an occurrence by trying to match it with a preexisting category using only the facts that support our decision.

Term
Winner’s Curse
Definition

Highest bidder pays too much

Likelihood of “winner’s curse” increases with the number of people in auction.

Term
Escalation of Commitment
Definition

In spite of new negative information, commitment actually increases!


Term
Randomness Error
Definition

Creating meaning out of random events


Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition

Looking back, once the outcome has occurred, and believing that you accurately predicted the outcome of an event 

Term
Intuitive Decision Making
Definition

An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.


Term
Conditions Favoring Intuitive Decision Making
Definition

 

A high level of uncertainty exists

There is little precedent to draw on

Variables are less scientifically predictable

“Facts” are limited

Facts don’t clearly point the way

Analytical data are of little use

Several plausible alternative solutions exist

Time is limited and pressing for the right decision

 

Term
Performance Evaluation
Definition

 

Evaluation criteria influence the choice of actions.


 

Term
Reward Systems
Definition

Decision makers make action choices that are favored by the organization.


Term
Formal Regulations
Definition

Organizational rules and policies limit the alternative choices of decision makers.


Term
System-imposed Time Constraints
Definition

Organizations require decisions by specific deadlines.


Term
Historical Precedents
Definition

Past decisions influence current decisions.

Term
Utilitarianism
Definition

Seeking the greatest good for the greatest number.


Term
Rights
Definition

Respecting and protecting basic rights of individuals such as whistleblowers.


Term
Justice
Definition

Imposing and enforcing rules fairly and impartially.

Term
Ethics and National Culture
Definition

 

There are no global ethical standards.

The ethical principles of global organizations that reflect and respect local cultural norms are necessary for high standards and consistent practices.

 

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