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The endocrine system places ______ in systems that control the body |
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Definition
Second; nervous system is the fast-control system |
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Definition
Chemical messengers that are released into the blood |
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Hormones control several major processes such as: |
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Definition
Reproduction, Growth and development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, and the regulation of metabolism |
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Hormones are produced by: |
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Definition
Specialized cells that secrete them into extracellular fluids |
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Blood transfers hormones to ______ and these regulate _______ |
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Definition
target sites; the activity of other cells |
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The scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs |
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Hormones are classified chemically as: |
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Amino acid-based, Steroid, or Prostaglandins |
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Amino acid-based hormones include: |
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Definition
Proteins, peptides, and amines |
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Steroid hormones are made from |
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Definition
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Prostaglandins hormones are made from: |
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Definition
Highly active lipids that act as local hormones |
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Hormones on target cells or organs |
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Definition
Hormones that affect only certain tissues or organs |
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Definition
Specific protein receptors. These fit together like 2 pieces of a puzzle |
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What does hormone binding do? |
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Definition
Alters the cellular activity |
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A hormone's relationship to its target cells resembles: |
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Definition
That of an enzyme to its substrate. |
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Term
Typically, hormones have one or more of the following effects: |
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Definition
Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
Activate or inactivate enzymes
Stimulate or inhibit cell division
Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
Turn on or off transcription or certain genes |
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Hormones act by 2 mechanisms |
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Definition
Direct gene activation, and second-messenger system |
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Definition
Used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormone |
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Definition
Used by protein and peptide hormones |
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Steroid hormones diffuse through what? |
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Definition
The plasma membrane of target cells |
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What does the hormone do as soon as it enters the cell? |
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Definition
It goes to and enters the nucleus |
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Once inside the nucleus of a cell, the hormone does what? |
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Definition
It binds to a specific protein within the nucleus |
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Hormone-receptor complex binds to: |
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Definition
Specific sites on the cell's DNA |
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Term
What must happen to transcribe messenger RNA? |
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Definition
Specific genes must be activated. after which new proteins are synthesized |
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2nd messenger system: Hormone binds to a ____________ and then the activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that __________ |
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Definition
membrane receptor; activates an enzyme |
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Term
2nd messenger system: Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule (known as ________________). This also oversees additional intracellular changes to promote __________ |
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Definition
Such as cyclic AMP or cAMP; a specific response in the target cell |
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Definition
The way hormone levels in the blood are maintained |
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A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood will trigger: |
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Definition
The release of more hormone |
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Hormone release stops once: |
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Definition
An appropriate level in the blood is reached |
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Term
Hormonal, humoral, and neural |
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Definition
The 3 major categories of stimuli that activate endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
Most common category of stimulus; endocrine organs are activated by other hormones; some examples include the hormones of the hypothalamus which stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release; Humoral indicates various body fluids, such as blood and bile; Some examples include 1) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels or 2) insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels |
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Definition
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release; most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system; examples include sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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The major Endocrine organs are: |
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Definition
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, Adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the Gonads (testes and ovaries) |
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Glands that have purely endocrine functions are |
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Definition
Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and parathyroids |
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Endocrine glands are ______ glands. Hormones are released into ________ |
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Definition
Ductless; blood or lymphs |
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Glands that are considered mixed glands have what functions? |
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Definition
Endocrine and exocrine function (pancreas or gonads) |
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Definition
Pea-shaped gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain; Protected by the sell turcica of the sphenoid bone; has 2 functional lobes (anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior (nervous tissue)); often called the "master endocrine gland" |
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a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone |
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Definition
Does not make the hormones it releases; Stores hormones made by the hypothalamus |
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2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland: |
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Definition
Oxytocin, and Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates contractions of the uterus during uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding; Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a breastfeeding woman |
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What do antidiuretic hormone do? |
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Definition
Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys; urine volume decreases, blood pressure increases; In large amounts, causes constriction of arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure (the reason why ADH is known as a vasopressin), Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion |
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Definition
Stimulate the function in endocrine glands |
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The 6 anterior hormones are divided into 2 types which are |
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Definition
2 which affect non-endocrine targets and 4 which do affect endocrine targets |
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2 hormones that affect non-endocrine targets |
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Definition
Growth hormone and Prolactin |
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Term
The 4 tropic hormones are |
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Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyrotropic hormone, and Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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All anterior pituitary hormones have these properties: |
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Definition
They are proteins (or peptides); Act through second-messenger systems are regulated by hormonal stimuli; are regulated mostly by negative feedback |
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Definition
General metabolic hormone; Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones; Plays a role in determining final body size; causes amino acids to be built into proteins; Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy |
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Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth; function in males is unknown |
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Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads with the follicle-stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries; Stimulates sperm development in testes |
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Definition
Triggers ovulation of an egg in female production in males; Stimulates testosterone |
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Thyrotropic hormone (TH) also called Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; Secretes melatonin |
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Term
What connection to the body does melatonin play? |
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Definition
Believed to trigger the body's sleep/wake cycle; also thought to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and inhibit the reproduction system until maturity occurs |
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Definition
Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam's apple; consists of 2 lobes and a connecting isthmus; Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material; Produces Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin |
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Definition
Major metabolic hormone; controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy; Needed for tissue growth and development; Composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) |
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Definition
Secreted by thyroid follicles |
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Definition
Conversion of T4 at target tissues |
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Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone; Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone; Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles |
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Definition
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid; Secret parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Parathyroid hormone function is: |
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Definition
Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca^2+) homeostasis of the blood; Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone; hypercalcemic hormone (which increase blood calcium levels); and it stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium |
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Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children; decreases in size throughout adulthood; Produces a hormone call thymosin |
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Definition
Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system |
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Definition
Sit on top of the kidneys and are divided into two regions: The adrenal cortex and the Adrenal medulla |
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Definition
Outer glandular region has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids: the mineralocorticoids, the glucocorticoids, and the sex hormones |
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Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) |
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Definition
Are secreted by the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex; regulates mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions; regulates water and electrolyte balance; target organ is the kidney |
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Term
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) |
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Definition
Are secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; promotes normal cell metabolism; help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone); Anti-inflammatory properties; Released in response to increased blood levels of the ACTH |
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Definition
Are secreted by the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex; small amounts are made throughout life; most of the hormones produced are androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed |
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Definition
Inner neural tissue region; Produces 2 similar hormones (catecholamines) which are epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline); These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (Fight or flight) |
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Term
Release of aldosterone is stimulated by: |
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Definition
Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassium ions in the blood); hormonal stimulation (ACTH); Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop in blood pressure |
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Term
Aldosterone production is INHIBITED by |
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Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high |
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How is the body changed when epinephrine is flooded into it? |
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Definition
Heart rate increases, as well as blood pressure and blood glucose levels; It dilates small passageways of the lungs |
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Definition
Located in the abdomen, close to the stomach; Mixed gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions |
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Term
The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce hormones |
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Definition
Insulin (Which is produce by beta cells) and Glucagon (which is formed by alpha cells); These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis |
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Definition
Released when blood glucose levels are high; Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells; Effects of chemical are hypoglycemic |
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Released when blood glucose levels are low; Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels |
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What do the Gonads produce? |
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Definition
Sex cells and sex hormones; Ovaries for females and testes for males |
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Female gonads located in the pelvic cavity; produce eggs; produce 2 groups of steroid hormones specifically Estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition
Male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity; produce sperm and androgens such as testosterone |
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Definition
Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics; Mature the female reproductive organs; When combined with progesterone, it promotes breast development and regulates the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus; Helps prepare breasts for lactation |
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Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; Required for sperm cell production |
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Which non-endocrine organs secrete hormones? |
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Definition
Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, and the heart |
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Definition
Produced hormones that maintain pregnancy; some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby; produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones |
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Term
Human placental lactogen (hPL) |
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Definition
Prepares the breasts for lactation |
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Definition
Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis for childbirth |
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Term
In the absence of disease and before old age: |
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Definition
Efficiency of the endocrine system remains high |
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Term
Decreasing function of female ovaries at menopause leads to: |
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Definition
Symptoms such as osteoporosis, increased chance of heart disease, and possible mood changes |
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Term
People are more prone to ______________________ with the advancing of age and the slowing of the endocrine system |
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Definition
Diabetes mellitus, immune system depression, lower metabolic rate, and higher rates of cancer in some areas more than others |
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