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| Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sea in 1498. |
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| Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492. |
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| Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines. |
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| British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. |
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| created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. |
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| interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of native American died from the entry of new diseases; new world crops spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals came to the Americas. |
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| naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. |
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| nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials. |
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| dependent economic zones: |
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| regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor. |
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| began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. |
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| French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system. |
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| British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia. |
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| concluded in 1763 following the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France’s importance in India |
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| Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans. |
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| Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th century British occupation; later called Afrikaners. |
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| British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal. |
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| fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first world-wide war. |
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