was the son of hamilcar

swore forever to be a enemy of Rome

commited suicide after loosing the war

conquers over 1/2 of Spain

210-207

instead of fighting Carthage striahgt forward in battle, he took an army to Spain and conquered all Sapnish land owned by Carthage

He then went around to all land owned by Carthage and conquered

it

Also defeats hasdrubal in battle and kills him-207

Battle of Zama

204

Rome has gone to Egypt and attacked all of Carthage's allies

Carthage becomes afraid and sends for army to return from Italy

Army comes back...Rome and Carthage battle

Rome wins and becomes the dominant force and influence in Med. Sea

he was a potlitical figure who always ended speeches with

" Carthage must be destroyed"

he was scared they might come back into power so he influenced and convinced the people to go back to Egypt and sack Carthage completley

They burned the city utterly destroying it

during the 3rd Punic War 149-146

in 146 he takes the army to Carthage and destroys city

kills everyone or enslaves them

the gain land and power in Eygpt

adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus

our sea (Med. Sea was Romans sea)

a Roman plantation owned by an aristrocrat

many slaves

produced many goods

Cicero is generally seen as one of the most versatile minds of Roman culture and his writing the paragon of Classical Latin. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero likely thought his political career his most important achievement.

His biggest role was during Caesar's time when we preached for a return to the republic

he considered Caesar a tyrrant but had nothing to do with his death

new man

example- Cicero-first man in family to become counsul

First Triumvirate

Caesar

Pompey

Crassus

was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. Hailing from an Italian provincial background, after military triumphs he established a place for himself in the ranks of Roman nobility, and was given the cognomen of Magnus—the Great—by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Pompey was a rival of Marcus Licinius Crassus and an ally to Gaius Julius Caesar. The three politicians would dominate the Late Roman republic through a political alliance called the First Triumvirate. After the death of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar became rivals, disputing the leadership of the entire Roman state in what is now called Caesar's civil war. Pompey fought on the side of the Optimates, the conservative traditionalist faction in the Roman Senate, and was ultimately defeated by Caesar. He sought refuge in Egypt and was assassinated there.

head was given to Caesar as a sign of friendship between Eygpt and Rome

Crassus's significance in world history, however, stems from his financial and political support of the impoverished young Julius Caesar, which support allowed Caesar to embark upon his own political career.

this took place on August 9, 48 bc

Pompey the Great and his optimates faction fought Caesar and his populares faction.

Caesar won the battle and increased his hold on Republic 

cleopatra was the daughter of 7 generations of incest

she married Juluis Caesar and had son with him

She married two of her brothers and had both of them killed

she was Marc Antony's lover

she commited suicide

she said she was a rencarnation of Isis

roman nobles didn't like her-thought her tramp

Lepitus

Antony

Octavian

he was general under Caesar

he controlled power inthe east

his secret lover was Cleopatra

Marc and Octavian went to war

Marc looses-flees to Egypt with Cleopatra and both commit suicide

Lepidus was among Julius Caesar's greatest supporters, and became general under him. He started his cursus honorum as a praetor in 49 BC, was placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated Pompey in Spain,^[2] and was rewarded with the consulship in 46 BC after the defeat of the Pompeians in the East. When in February 44 BC Caesar was elected dictator for life by the senate, he made Lepidus "Master of the Horse", effectively deputy in the dictatorship.^[3] Their brief alliance in power came to a sudden end, however, when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March). One of the ringleaders of the conspiracy, Cassius Longinus, had argued for the killing of Lepidus and Mark Antony as well, but Marcus Junius Brutus had overruled him, saying the action was an execution not a political coup.^[4]

After Caesar's murder, Lepidus, despite reassuring the senate of his loyalty, allied himself with Mark Antony in a joint bid for power. But Caesar had left an heir: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian, his great-nephew and adopted son. The three men met on an island in a river near Mutina (modern Modena), their armies lined along opposite banks,^[5] and formed the Second Triumvirate, legalized with the name of Triumvirs for the Organization of the People by the Lex Titia of 43 BC. Unlike the First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, this one was formally constituted. In effect, it sidelined the consuls and the senate and signalled the death of the republic.

he was given little power in Spain 

 He died peacefully in 13 BC.

Octavian

"Augustus"

 was the adopted son of Julius Caesar

he ruled the power in the west

Antony vs. Octavian

Octavian wins and becomes emperor

27BC-14AD 41 years

27BC the beginning of Empire

given title of Augustus

pledges republic to be restored

calls himself Princeps-"Prince"

1st citizen to becomea leader

didn't take title of dictator

made military permanent

sent soldiers to provinces

effect: romanization of provinces

some expansion to south, western europe, spain

invasion form germanic tribes being pushed by huns

sea battle

Marc Antony vs. Octavian

Octavian wins and becomes emperor

Pax Romana

27BC-68AD

they start to take more and more power away from senate

Augustus- 27 BC- 14 AD(41 years)

Tiberius

Caligua-"little boot"-murdered

Claudis

Nero 

meaning "first citizen"

reffering to Augustus being the first citizen to become the leader of rome

General Varus

Rome vs. Germanic Tribes

20,000 romans soldiers died

major setback for Rome

meaning "first citizen"

reffering to Octavian becoming the first citizen emperor

Etruscans

located in Etruria.

came into control Rome and Latium

dressed in a toga

Not much known about them.

ART: heavily influenced by greeks

TOMBS: elaborate, believe in afterlife

adopted Greek alpahbet.

Latins

from Latium, spoke Latin

small people

tiber river= herders and farmers

Italian Greeks

Alba Longa = city, kingdom

Romulus and Remus came back with Aemulius to kill Numitor (2nd king)

found city on Tiber River

R &R fought with each other = Remus Killed :(

Romulus builds city "Rome" founded in 753

1st Century

 small communities spared throughout empire and beyond

amoung Jews and Greek speaking people

Church Structure

oral tradition and written sources

2nd Cent

steady growth

sporadic but usually locailized persecutions

235-284

Decline

22 emperors in 49 years

PERIOD OF GENERALS

204-305

led the largest persecutions of Christians

divided empire in four units, each with own ruler, but he has ultimate authority

made jobs hereditary

Council of Nicea

1st major church council.

sorted out theological differences of christianity

ex: who was christ?, etc.

Hamlicar Barca

Carthigan general

Father of hannibal

Took army to spain and conquered spain for Carthage

 221 Hamlicar dies, hannibal took over

writer during the Augustan Age

wrote Aenied(epic poem, 12 books)

         story of the founding of Rome

         wrote story for Octavian

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC – October 13, 54) was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. Born in Lugdunum in Gaul (modern-day Lyon, France), to Drusus and Antonia Minor, he was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italia.

Claudius was considered a rather unlikely man to become emperor. He was reportedly afflicted with some type of disability, and his family had virtually excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in 37. This infirmity may have saved him from the fate of many other Roman nobles during the purges of Tiberius' and Caligula's reigns. His very survival led to his being declared emperor after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.

Despite his lack of political experience, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the conquest of Britain.

he set up beuocracy that enabled him to have a closer control on empire

Vandals

69AD

different groups of armies trying to put their generals in power

Galba, Otho, Vittellius, Vespasian (Vespasian also started the Flavain Dynasty)

476 : date of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

last emperor

forced to step down by odoacer

313

Constatine issued this

which made christianity legal

69-96AD

Vespasian, Titus, Domitian

became a full blown monarchy with confusion

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrain, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius

96-180AD

prosperous economy

romanization of provinces

time for building infrastructure, trade

peaceful

defended borders(hadrian's wall)

Father or oldest male

    had the power to kill family members(treason)

    always given to oldest male when father died

    marry off daughters to whomever he chose

after a while rules changed

   pateria potestas-power father/oldest male had

          started with killing but it soon became that the daughter had to consent to marriage and couldn't kill family without trial...

fended off germans

last good emperor

great philospher

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Rome, April 26, 121^[2] – Vindobona or Sirmium, March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. He was the last of the "Five Good Emperors", and is also considered one of the most important stoic philosophers.

His tenure was marked by wars in Asia against a revitalized Parthian Empire, and with Germanic tribes along the Limes Germanicus into Gaul and across the Danube. A revolt in the East, led by Avidius Cassius, failed.

Marcus Aurelius' work Meditations, written on campaign between 170–180, is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty and has been praised for its "exquisite accent and its infinite tenderness.

Germanic Tribes

settled in germany

were pushed into the roman empire because they wree being pushed by the huns..

Clients(clientes)- owe loyalty to patrons for supporting them

   they were free but were reliant upon patron for work and social connections

considered part of family

Patrons- were very wealthy

often had many clients

they supported them and got them connections through people they knew

clients owed loyalty-came in handy

were apartment in urban areas for the poor

often up to 5 stories

bad plumbing

notnearly enough room

people never in house

poorly built

easily caught on fire

were professional fighters in ancient Rome who fought against each other, wild animals, and condemned criminals, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of spectators. These fights took place in arenas in many cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.

usually they were slaves that were forced to fight for pleasures of men at games or events

Spartacus-lead a great slave revolt. turned down

new capital city in the east

by Constantinople

developed for defensive reasons

called it "New Rome"

enriched city with a forum, palaces, and a amphitheatre

became the center of the Eastern Roman Empire and one of the great cities of the world

Constantine

continued and expanded policies of Diocletian

regin in 306

324 emerged as the sole ruler of the empire.

this was a wall built by one of the five good emperors Hadrian

it was used to keep out the scottish tribes

   stopped them from pilaging the cities and coast

Lares and Penates

378-395

Last emperor of both sides of the Empire

made Christianity the official religion

the romans invented to arch: most single contibution to architecture in history

first to use arches

made it possible to span great spaces that couldn't have been built with bean and lentil

barrel vault and groin vault can be found using the arches

  barrel vault: simplest kind of vault- arches are placed one after another forming tunnels or semi-circles

  groin vault: a vault that is made at an intersection of two or more barrel vaults making this cool X type thing

[image]

gave us the dome-arches going around till they touch another

moat important feature: Keystone

   keystone: maintains pressure on the other stones to keep arch up

meaning that instead of all the pressure being in one place like in Greek architecture it has balancedthe pressure out

were the rulers of the four parts that were split up by Diocletian

Pharisees

scholarly

they held close observance of religious law that would protect Jewish identity from Roman influences.

opposed rome and roman rule, favored strictly following Jewish law, believed in the afterlife!

Built 75-80AD

huge engineering feat

used to hold games and entertianment

first building to have all 3 orders on 3 different levels: laid out hierarchy progression of architecture

vespasion started it

had retractibale awnings

had hallways: barrel vaults

intersections: grion vaults

they were covered with polished limestone

wonderful construction

and order made up by the romans

     combo of ionic and corinthian

lived apart from society, sharing goods in common

Like many other Jews, they waited for God to save Isreal from opression.

roman order

   very plain simple

romans took everything greeks did in architecture and made it better

built under 5 good emperors

118-128AD

one of the most famous roman temples

dedicated to alll gods: now it has been rededicated

outside is very plain

inside is amazing

meaning "across all gods"

   dome's diameter is the same as height making a perfect square

beautiful marble floors, exquisite designs, arches

built early 4th century

early example of the basilica

originally used for indoor marketplace

church architecture:had floor plans of church

adopted by Christians 

cities that were covered in ashes and destroyed when volcano erupted

1738- herculaeum was found

1748- pompeii was found 

73 AD

hilltop fortress

Jewish rebels committed suicide rather tahn being taken captive.

procurator 26-36 AD

left office in disgrace

   WHY: he put Jesus to death

great landowners, Rome's ruling class.

only patricians could be elected to governemnt officials

leader of the church

a diciple of Jesus

became a saint

was crusified head down

persecuted Jesus's believers until he had vision and converted

he then became a saint and one of Jesus's many followers

a section of Judaism

ran temples and did NOT believe in afterlife

they were mostly the priests

First Punic War

264-241BC

241-treaty was made

How it started:

  Messana asks Rome and Carthage to help them in a dispute with Syracuse, carthage gets there first but when Rome comes they kick Carthage out

Carthage then goes and sides with Syracuse

then war gets bigger and becomes a war between rome and carthage

Rome wins this one by their corvi ships and excellent on land army

241- carthage gives up sicily(first roman province)--this is the start of rome becoming the dominant influence in Med. Sea, pays rome for war

loosing breaks carthage's spirit so rome conquers Sardinia and Corsica while carthage is defeated

rome becomes the naval power 

Less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers

Senate

came to hold an especially important position in the Roman Republic.

Select group of 300 patricians who served for LIFE

1. advised gov officials

2. force of law

Most important assembly.

elected cheif officals, such as consuls and praetors

passed laws

wealthiest citizens always had a majority

218-202BC

Rome made a treaty with carthage that everything above the Ebro River was Rome and everything down from the river was Carthage land

  then rome gets Saguntum(a city under carthage rule) to rebel

Carthage attacks Saguntum for rebeling--Rome thinks thats mean and makes war

Carthage army decides to attack Rome from land 218BC

   46,000 troops and 37 battle elephants

Carthage defeats Roman Army at 3 major battles:

      Trebia: 218--coming out of Alps

      Translmene: 217--on bank of lake

       Cannae: 216--defeats 40,000 roman men

So instead of fighting Carthage on land and loosing...

   Scipio Africanus decided to sneak attack and starts conquering all of the other places Carthage owned-Spain, Africa...

Carthage roamed around italy but never in Rome

210-207--rome attacks all other places owned by carthage

204--rome goes to africa to attack all of carthage's allies

Carthage calls army from italy back

Battle of Zama-- Rome won and become dominate influnence and force in Med.

"council of plebs"

was the council of plebs only, and it came into being as a result of the struggle between the two social orders in Rome

Praetors

chief excutive officers

in charge of civil law- law as it applied to Roman citizens

Consuls

Two consuls, chosen every year

ran gov and led the Roman army into battle.

Romans found themselves face to face with a strong power in the Med- the state of Carthage

created an enormous trading empire in the western med.

Carthage was the largest and richest state in the area.

149-146BC

Cato the Elder convinces rome that carthage must be sacked

146- scipio Aemelianus completley destroys carthage

    burns city

    takes slaves

450 Bc.

developed a more sophisticated system of civil law.

applied only to Roman citizens.

King of Epirus

275 driven from Italy

oversaw city's  markets, merchandiise, food supplies, regularly held games

look after sacred and private buildings

inquire into public finanaces

wen sate finances increased in size and complexity they were elected to manage sate funds.

record  ages, children, slaves, property of citizens,

contruction of temples, roads, aqueducts

 regulate morals

10 officers elected

helped protect plebians from violence

treasurer, accountant

appointed in time of crisis by consul

kept in office for 6 months

supreme power over ppl

had pwer to inflict capital punishment

Brutus

1. Overthrew Tarquinius Superbus

2. killed Julius Ceaser, led army

Tarquinas Superbus (The Proud)

Lucretia

7th , las king

son raped Lucretia

Lucretia tells father, brutus, husband

Lucretia killed herself

drove him out of rome and set up Res publica

4th cent

citiizenship without voting rights

4th cent

sacked rome

ROMAN EMPIRE TIMELINE

753- Romulus found rome 

509- republic founded, Tarequinias S overthrown

--- social expansion, conflict of cursus honorum and republic

264- rome expands throout italy

--punic warss

146 republicc

131- civil war

31 bc Empire

2nd cent 5 good emperors (romanized)

3rd: civil wars , barrack emperors

4th: reform

5th: sacks of rom, fall in west

476: Empire ENDS!

under the control of the 7 kings

fell under Etruscan influence

509: overthrew last E king and establish a republic = NEW ERA

WAR nd CONQUEST:

 continuous warfare , crushed Latium and Apennines

war with Greeks, conquered all of italy

Rome allowed some ppl to have full roman citizenship

SUCCESS:

duty, coruage, discipline

good diplomats , excelled military matters, had brilliant strategies, law and politics were practical

753-509bc

romulus and remus

tarquinus superbus

lucretia

brutus

he was a man that exemplified the perfect citizen.

when asked to be dictator, he took the position and 3 months later, when turmoil was over, stopped being dictaor, and went back to his farm

shows humility and citizenship, loyalty

was an ancient Roman political figure, serving as consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC.

The name given to Lucius Quinctius was Cincinnatus for his curly hair. [1]

Cincinnatus was regarded by the Romans as one of the heroes of early Rome and as a model of Roman virtue and simplicity. As a persistent proponent of the plebeians, he resisted the proposal of Terentilius to draw up a code of written laws applicable equally to patricians and plebeians. He lived in humble circumstances, working on his own small farm,

According to Roman analysts, Cincinnatus had settled into a life of farming and knew that his departure might mean starvation for his family if the crops went unsown in his absence. He assented to the request anyway and within sixteen days had defeated the Aequi and the Volscians. His immediate resignation of his absolute authority with the end of the crisis has often been cited as an example of good leadership, service to the public good, civic virtue, and modesty. He came out of retirement again during his second term as dictator (439 BC) to put down a revolt by the plebeians. After the war Cincinnatus left the job and picked back up where he left off, working at a farm.

nice houses on the countryside

where really rich or powerful people live

with sevants and many rooms for each day

lots of land

Crazy!!!!

was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great uncle Claudius to become heir to the throne. As Nero Claudius Caesar, he succeeded to the throne on October 13, 54, following Claudius' death.

Nero ruled from 54 to 68, focusing much of his attention on diplomacy, trade, and increasing the cultural capital of the empire. He ordered the building of theatres and promoted athletic games. His reign included a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire (58–63), the suppression of the British revolt (60–61) and improving diplomatic ties with Greece. In 68 a military coup drove Nero into hiding. Facing execution, he reportedly committed forced suicide.^[2]

Nero's rule is often associated with tyranny and extravagance. He is known for a number of executions, including his mother^[3] and adoptive brother, as the emperor who "fiddled while Rome burned"^[4] and an early persecutor of Christians

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place on October 28, 312, between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the only ruler of the Roman Empire.

The battle is noteworthy also because Constantine's victory was attributed by Christian sources to God.