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wound, bone, ionto, interference
wound, bone, ionto, interference
73
Anatomy
Graduate
02/28/2012

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Term
is polarity more negative distally or proximally
Definition
distally
Term
when initially injured, is the injury more positive or negative
Definition
positive
Term
when does the injury become negative
Definition
as it heals
Term
what is the goal of wound healing treatment
Definition
reverse injury potential and change it from positive to negative - back to normal
Term
what polarity is used in the inflammatory stage and why
Definition
positive, to pull in negatively charged macrophages and neutrophils for phagocytosis/autolysis
Term
what kind of current is used to apply positive current to inflammatory stage
Definition
monophasic current so that you have an absolute positive and an absolute negative
Term
what is one problem with using positive electrode to draw negatively charged neutrophisl and macrophages into inflamed area
Definition
one study shows that there are positively charged neutrophils that are more active in healing; also a potential to increase swelling
Term
when do you know you're in the proliferative/fibroblastic stage
Definition
swelling, heat, redness, acute pain begins to drop off
Term
what is the goal of the fibroblastic stage
Definition
build connective tissue
Term
what polarity is used in the fibroblastic tage
Definition
negative
Term
what is galvanotaxis
Definition
using monophasic current to draw cells into the area.
Term
what does the negative charge pull into the fibroblastic area
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
what polarity is used in the remodeling stage
Definition
do a few treatments with positive, then do a few treatments with negative.
Term
goal for remodeling stage
Definition
contract wound so that edges of wound can grow skin and can begin to re-epithelialize
Term
what cells are brought in with positive polarity in remodeling
Definition
epidermal (negatively charged)
Term
what cells are brought in with negative polarity in remodeling
Definition
myofibroblasts (positively charged)
Term
what are other effects of using negative polarity in wound healing
Definition
improves connective tissue strength; decreases swelling; bactericidal
Term
how does position of cathode affect polarit
Definition
the more distal the cathode,the more negative it becomes
Term
how many wound healing treatments per day
Definition
2-3/day
Term
how many minutes of wound healing treatments
Definition
30-45 min
Term
what type of charges (pos/neg) produce activity in osteoblasts
Definition
negative
Term
what is the semi-invasive system for osteogenesis
Definition
electrodes are implanted into the fracture site, but the rest of the equipment is external
Term
what is the invasive system of osteogeneisis
Definition
entire unit is planted
Term
what is the portable EMF used for with osteogenesis
Definition
home use that requires long times with the device on
Term
what is the pulsed electromagnetic field generator used for with osteogenesis
Definition
home use that requires long times with the device on; non-thermal
Term
how do these inductive osteogenesis systems (portable and pulsed electromagnetic field generators) work?
Definition
put the chamber around the broken bone. Enough current to trigger osteoblasts to lay down bone
Term
how long do osteogenesis systems need to be applied to reach solid union
Definition
3-6 months
Term
what are contraindications for osteogenesis devices
Definition
gap at break is wider than 1/2 the shaft diameter; presence of synovial pseudo-arthrosis (body thinks this area is a joint)
Term
is interferential current better at osteogenesis than other currents?
Definition
there is some indication that it works better by generating a deeper current because it's medium frequency , but high voltages and short pulse durations also get past skin well, so none is really better than another
Term
what is osteomyelitis
Definition
infection
Term
when can e-stim be used/not be used in osteomyelitis
Definition
don't use estim in active stages, only in quiescent stages; however, there have been repors that it cuases improvements during active stages
Term
how to set up interferential current for bone healing
Definition
align along the shaft of the bone
Term
what is urge incontinence
Definition
hyperactive bladder
Term
what is stress incontinence
Definition
sphincter weakness/damage
Term
what is hyporeflexive detrussor
Definition
underactive smooth muscle; person has to be catheterized to prevent infections
Term
treatment goal for urge incontinence
Definition
decreased activity
Term
treatment goal for stress incontinence
Definition
increase muscular contraction
Term
describe direct stimulation intervention for urinary dysfunction
Definition
application of electrodes directly to area using ring electrodes, plugs
Term
is direct stimulation an effective intervention for urinary dysfunctions
Definition
yes, though not well received
Term
describe indirect-inteferential interventions for urinary dysfunctions
Definition
electrode application off the area to be activated.
Term
type of muscle contraction desired when using indirect interferential to treat stress incontinence
Definition
good tetanic contraction
Term
duration/frequency of treatment for indirect interferential for stress incontinence
Definition
30 min, 3-5x/week, for 4 weeks
Term
do you use a higher frequency when treating stress or urge incontinence
Definition
higher frequency for stress incontinence to increase strength
Term
can you use electrical stimulation to treat DVTs
Definition
no, use it to prevent DVTs
Term
how to use electrical stimulation to prevent DVTs in surgery
Definition
contract calf muscle every 5s to prevent stasis
Term
how can estim help with orthostatic hypotension
Definition
apply estim as you start to raise them up so they can be raised faster
Term
can you use electrical stimulation to treat thrombolisms
Definition
no, don't want them to become embolisms
Term
how can estim help with occlusive arterial disease
Definition
arteries have smooth muscle that contract and relax. Can use this to improve blood flow into an area
Term
what types of disorders are raynauds syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and vokmans ischemic contracture?
Definition
autonomic neurovascular disorders
Term
what is the goal for estim with autonomic neurovascular disorders and peripheral circulation autonomic disroders
Definition
open up vessels to normal blood supply, reduce spasm/constriction, block sympathetic discharge that closes down the lumen
Term
what type of stimulation to use to treat peripheral circulation autoomic problems
Definition
sensory/afferent or motor excitation
Term
what is the desired outcome for sensory/afferent treatment of autonomic peripheral circulation problems
Definition
relaxation of smooth muscle; increased local temperature
Term
what is the desired outcome for motor excitation treatment of autonomic peripheral circulation problems
Definition
muscle pump increases local blood flow, contractions increase local metabolites, creates vasodilation, release of endogenous opiates
Term
what is the most useful current type for iontophoresis and why
Definition
DC: the longer it's on, the greaer the effec
Term
what is the polarity of dexamethasone
Definition
negative
Term
what is the protocol timeframe for ionto
Definition
40mA*min
Term
what should be the highest current used and why
Definition
4mA; direct current
Term
why shouldn't you do U/S, cold pack, hot pack after ionto
Definition
that would change the blood flow to the area and could wash the drug away into the bloodstream. Also, dexamethosone can break down connective tissue
Term
when to use iontophoresis
Definition
inflammatory conditions
Term
how many treatments of dexamethosone?
Definition
3-6, then wait for 2 weeks
Term
why is ionto better than injection
Definition
ionto doesn't cause systemic effects, doesn't cause ischemia, doesn't catabolize connective tissue, doesn't need sterile solutions, covers generalized area, no infection risk, not hard to get the right spot
Term
why was lidocatine originally used in ionto
Definition
buffering
Term
when should you use lidocaine with ionto today
Definition
for anesthetic effects for sensitive scar tissue
Term
what is inteference current's big selling point
Definition
it gets past skin impedance
Term
is interference current better than high voltage or high duration at getting past impedance
Definition
no
Term
how to make interferential current
Definition
have 2 different currents. Both are biphasic and sinusoidal. They operate at different frequencies (both are medium frequencies)
Term
what is the frequency of interferential current
Definition
medium frequency
Term
can the intensity of the 2 currents in interferential current be different
Definition
yes. That doesn't have anything to do with whether or not they're interferential
Term
if the 2 frequencies in interferential current are 4000Hz and 4002Hz, how many times per second witll they be exactly in phase and how many times per second will they be exactly out of phase
Definition
2 and 2
Term
how do you calculate the pulse rate of an interferential current
Definition
difference between the 2 frequencies
Term
describe vector display of interferential currrent
Definition
current shifts from one channel to the other.
Term
describe full field IFC
Definition
2 sinusoidal waves crossed I the body in which the 2 circuits are in phase all the time and are pulsed on and off
Term
describe partial field IFC
Definition
traditional interference current. 2 circuits, medium frequency, pass in and out of phase
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