Term
|
Definition
Name the two layers that make up skin. |
|
|
Term
Epidermis - Outer layer Dermis - Inner layer with blood vessels |
|
Definition
Describe the two layers of the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What lies under the dermis? |
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue Fat |
|
Definition
What makes up the hypodermis? |
|
|
Term
Their thick, keritanized stratum corneum. |
|
Definition
What helps reptiles resist abrasion on land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feathers are epidermal derivatives that arise in the ___ ___. |
|
|
Term
Hair Nails Sweat and Sebaceous glands |
|
Definition
What are some epidermal derivatives of mammals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the function of Sebaceous glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood vessels and nerves are found only in which layer of the skin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What makes your hairs "stand on end?" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The hair growth starts at the base, called the ___. |
|
|
Term
Hydrostatic Skeleton - Annelids Exoskeleton - Arthropoda Endoskeleton - Echinodermata |
|
Definition
What were the three invertebrate support systems used that we learned? Give an example of a Phylum that uses each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: All vertebrates have this type of skeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the two main supportive tissues? |
|
|
Term
Site for muscle attachment |
|
Definition
What is the function of cartilage, besides support? |
|
|
Term
1. Support/protect internal organs 2. Store Calcium and Phosphorus 3. Make RBCs and some WBCs |
|
Definition
What are the three functions of bone? |
|
|
Term
Osteocytes are enclosed in lacunae in concentric circles at osteonic canals with blood vessels and nerves. |
|
Definition
Describe the structure of bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cartilage and a bony skeleton are first found in what? |
|
|
Term
Formation of our structure required difficult and complex processes. |
|
Definition
Why did adaptations for support and movement on land take 200 million years? |
|
|
Term
More bones and intervertebral disks |
|
Definition
What added support do we find in the tetrapod skeleton that differs from primitive support systems? |
|
|
Term
Axial skeleton Appendicular Skeleton |
|
Definition
What two parts of the skeleton make up the human body? |
|
|
Term
Skull Vertebrae Sternum Ribs |
|
Definition
What does the axial skeleton in humans consist of? |
|
|
Term
Upper limbs Lower limbs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle |
|
Definition
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
|
|
Term
Ciliary Flagellar Cytoplasmic Streaming (amoeba) |
|
Definition
What three types of nonmuscular movement have we seen in primitive organisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the three types of muscular tissue? |
|
|
Term
1 nucleus Involuntary Non-striated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multinuceated Voluntary Striated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 nucleus Involuntary Striated Interculated disks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Using waves of contractions for moving over soft substrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What animals use pedal locomotion? |
|
|
Term
Nematodes only use longitudinal muscles Earthworms use both longitudinal and circular muscles. |
|
Definition
What is the difference in muscle usage between Nematodes and Earthworms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of muscles is an Earthworm using when it's long and thin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of muscles is an Earthworm using if it's short and fat? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of movements do leeches use? |
|
|
Term
Parapodia (flaplike appendages) |
|
Definition
What do Polychaetes use to move? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: Setae are NOT appendages. |
|
|
Term
Tube feet that drag body Water-vascular System |
|
Definition
What do Echinoderms use to move? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Attach skeletal muscle to skeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Lateral undulations of trunk and tail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of animal uses myomere segments for movement? |
|
|
Term
Appendages (for locomotion) Back Muscles |
|
Definition
What two parts of the body became more important in the transition to land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the two types of contractile protein? |
|
|
Term
Thin filaments Z lines attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filaments Z lines NOT attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Functional unit of muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: From one Z line to the next. |
|
|
Term
Thin filaments slide towards each other by forming crossbridges with thick filaments. |
|
Definition
Explain the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction. |
|
|
Term
Tropomyosin blocks crossbridges. |
|
Definition
What happens to muscles when Calcium is absent? |
|
|
Term
Tropomyosin is pulled of the crossbridges by Troponin, allowing crossbridges to form between myosin heads and thin filament. A rachet like mechanism shortens sarcomere and in turn, the whole muscle. |
|
Definition
What happens to muscles when Calcium is present? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Nerve impulse via motor nuerons to all muscle fibers it innervates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Membrane around muscle fiber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Cleft where motor nueron and muscle fiber meet. |
|
|
Term
Synaptic vessels (in axon terminal) realease Acetocholine (ACh). |
|
Definition
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a nueron? |
|
|
Term
It diffuses across the nueromuscular junction and binds to receptors which reverse the normal polarity of muscle membrane and causes waves of altered polarity across the sarcolemma to T tubules, causing the release of Calcium from sacs. |
|
Definition
What does Acetocholine do once released? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Sacs in muscle that contain Calcium. |
|
|
Term
The presence or absence of Calcium. |
|
Definition
What is skeletal muscle controlled by? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animal ingests, digests, absorbs, stores, and uses food to meet its metabolic needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Chemical/Mechanical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Organisms that synthesize their own food. |
|
|
Term
Phototrophs - use Photosynthesis Chemoautotrophs - no light, do not use photosynthesis |
|
Definition
Name the two types of autotrophs and the difference between them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Organisms that cannot synthesize all foods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of an autotroph. |
|
|
Term
Animals Fungi Some bacteria |
|
Definition
Give an example of a heterotroph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many of the 20 amino acids available are essential to humans? |
|
|
Term
Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores |
|
Definition
List the three types of Heterotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animal that eats plants, not animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animal that eats both plants and animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animal that eats animals, not plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of an herbivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of an omnivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a carnivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Nutrients needed in large quantities. |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins |
|
Definition
What are the primary macronutrients we learned about? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Nutrients needed in small quantities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a micronutrient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: Dietary requirements require both macro- and micronutrients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a carbohydrate. |
|
|
Term
Polysaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides |
|
Definition
What are the three different types of carbohydrates? |
|
|
Term
Plants Cellulose provides fiber which is needed for a healthy colon. |
|
Definition
What provides cellulose to the body when eaten, and what does this do? |
|
|
Term
Most concentrated energy source Lipids have 2x the amount of energy than carbohydrates or protein. |
|
Definition
What's so special about lipids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: These convert food into useful molecules. |
|
|
Term
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Definition
What are the most essential minerals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Amino acids split to form acetyl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At the very least, a fatty acid makes how many molecules of pyruvic acid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the most important trace minerals in our bodies? |
|
|
Term
Maintains strong bones and teeth Clots blood Maintains normal muscle, nueron, and cellular function |
|
Definition
What is the function of Calcium in the body? |
|
|
Term
Component of many coenzymes Carbohydrate and protein metabolism |
|
Definition
What is the function of Magnesium in the body? |
|
|
Term
Major constituent of bones and blood plasma Needed for energy metabolism Part of DNA, RNA, and ATP |
|
Definition
What is the function of Phosphorus in the human body? |
|
|
Term
Major positive ion in cells Influences muscle contraction and nueron excitability |
|
Definition
What is the function of Potassium? |
|
|
Term
The most common ion in extracellular fluid Important in fluid balance Essential for conduction of action potentials and active transport |
|
Definition
What is the function of Sodium in the body? |
|
|
Term
Component of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
What is the function of Iodine in the body? |
|
|
Term
Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes and cytochromes |
|
Definition
What is the function of Iron in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Small organic chemicals needed in small amounts. |
|
|
Term
Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E |
|
Definition
What are three fat soluable vitamins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is another name for Vitamin C? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is another name for Vitamin A? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is another name for Vitamin E? |
|
|
Term
Helps synthesize visual pigments, mucoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides Promotes normal development of bones and teeth Involved in maintenance of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
What is the function of Vitamin A (retinol) in the body? |
|
|
Term
Promotes absorbtion of Calcium and Phophorus Promotes development of teeth and bones |
|
Definition
What is the function of Vitamin D in the body? |
|
|
Term
Antioxidant: Prevents oxidation of Vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids Maintains stability of cell membranes |
|
Definition
What is the function of Vitamin E (Tocopherol) in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Digestion is _____ in simple animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What types of animals use extracellular digestion? [Hint: Very general answer] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Digestion in which enzymes break down large units. |
|
|
Term
Continuous feeder Discontinuous feeder Suspension feeder Deposit feeder Herbivory Predation Surface-Nutrient Absorption Fluid feeder |
|
Definition
What are the eight different strategies of obtaining food? |
|
|
Term
Sessile, filter feeder (always taking in nutrients). |
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a continuous feeder? |
|
|
Term
Mobile, non-continuous feeding (not always eating at every moment). |
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a discontinuous feeder? |
|
|
Term
Carnivores Most herbivores |
|
Definition
Give an example of a discontinuous feeder. |
|
|
Term
Capture food particle with part of body and send it to the mouth. |
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a suspension feeder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a suspension feeder. |
|
|
Term
Get nutrients from sediment. |
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a deposit feeder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What does it mean to be herbivory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What does it mean to be predatory? |
|
|
Term
Absorb nutrients through the body surface. |
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a surface nutrient absorption feeder? |
|
|
Term
Molluscs Many birds Rabbits Deer Cows Mice |
|
Definition
Give an example of an herbivory animal. |
|
|
Term
Lions Wolves Jellyfish Most fish Whales |
|
Definition
Give an example of a predatory animal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a surface-nutrient absorption feeder. |
|
|
Term
Ectoparasites Nectar/Plant juice feeders |
|
Definition
What are the two types of fluid feeders? |
|
|
Term
Leeches Mosquitoes Lamprey Ticks Vampire Bat |
|
Definition
Give an example of an ectoparasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a Nectar/Plant juice feeder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of digestion do protozoa use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of digestive system do hydra use? |
|
|
Term
Crop, Stomach, Intestine, Rectum |
|
Definition
What type of digestive structures do grasshoppers use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of digestive system do Nematodes use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is special about a lamprey's tongue? |
|
|
Term
"Rolled carpet" long tongue |
|
Definition
What is special about a frog's tongue? |
|
|
Term
Turtles Birds Baleen whales |
|
Definition
Most vertebrates have teeth but there are some that don't. Name a few of these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ and ___ have modified teeth. [Hint: Vertebrates] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All vertebrates except ___ have salivary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The pharynx and esophagus move food where? |
|
|
Term
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) Pepsin |
|
Definition
What chemicals does the stomach contain? |
|
|
Term
Digests proteins by breaking them down into amino acids (peptides). |
|
Definition
What is the function of pepsin? |
|
|
Term
Muscular sac that grinds food. |
|
Definition
What is the function of a gizzard? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Name a Vertebrate that uses a gizzard. |
|
|
Term
Blind pouch with more space for bacteria. |
|
Definition
What is the function of the ceca? |
|
|
Term
It is stored in the bile until it is needed to emulsify large fat globules into small fat globules. |
|
Definition
What happens to the bile once the liver synthesizes it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: Every Vertebrate has a pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What two hormones does the pancreas secrete? |
|
|
Term
Increases glucose in tissues |
|
Definition
What is the function of insulin? |
|
|
Term
Increases glucose in blood. |
|
Definition
What is the function of glucagon? |
|
|
Term
1. Digestion 2. Absorption |
|
Definition
What are the two functions of the small intestine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process of breaking down food ends in the ____. |
|
|
Term
Water absorption Mineral absorption Forms feces |
|
Definition
What is the purpose of the colon? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The two extremes for the colon's water absorption are...? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colon cancer is very common, but can be prevented by ___. |
|
|
Term
1. Ingestion 2. Peristalsis 3. Segmentation 4. Secretion 5. Digestion 6. Absorption 7. Defacation |
|
Definition
What are the seven steps in digesting nutrients? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where does Peristalsis take place? |
|
|
Term
Rings of smooth muscle contract behind bolus and relax in front of it |
|
Definition
What happens in peristalsis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where does segmentation occur at? |
|
|
Term
Rings of smooth muscle repeatedly contract and relax to mix food with food enzymes. |
|
Definition
What is segmentation in the digestive system? |
|
|
Term
Hormones, enzymes, chemicals, and ions that take part in digestion are secreted. |
|
Definition
What is secretion in the digestive system? |
|
|
Term
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. |
|
Definition
What happens during digestion? |
|
|
Term
Ileum, because it is very long so there is a lot of surface area for absorption. |
|
Definition
Where does absorption occur and why does it occur there? |
|
|
Term
Uptake of small molecules into blood vessels called capillaries, and fat is taken into the lymph vessels. |
|
Definition
What happens during absorption? |
|
|
Term
It enters the hepatic portal vein and is brought to the liver. |
|
Definition
What happens to the nutrient rich blood once absorbed?? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FALSE! Excretion is ONLY urine. |
|
Definition
True/False: Excretion is the removal of feces. |
|
|
Term
Undigested food is voided through the anus. |
|
Definition
What happens during defacation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Rings of smooth and skeletal muscle that prevent backflow. |
|
|
Term
Anus Cardiac valve Pyloric sphincter valve |
|
Definition
Give an example of a sphincter. |
|
|
Term
Lips, teeth, tongue, and saliva from salivary glands |
|
Definition
What does the oral cavity consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the function of the oral cavity? |
|
|
Term
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) Salivary amylase |
|
Definition
Name the two buffers of the oral cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What does it mean to be a buffer in the oral cavity? |
|
|
Term
Small clusters of sugars linked together |
|
Definition
What are oligosaccharides? |
|
|
Term
Carry fat through lymphs and empty them into the circulatory system. |
|
Definition
What is the function of lacteals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Applying to stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Applying to kidney. |
|
|
Term
Starts digesting carbohydrates. |
|
Definition
What is the function of salivary amylase? |
|
|
Term
Common passage for air/food |
|
Definition
What is the function of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. Stores/mixes food 2. Secretion of enzymes, mucus, and HCl to digest foods 3. Controls rate of food entering small intestine through pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
What are the three main functions of the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The stomach lining has ___ glands. |
|
|
Term
Chief cells Parietal cells |
|
Definition
What are the two types of cells that make up the stomach lining? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the function of chief cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the function of parietal cells? |
|
|
Term
It converts inactive pepsinogen into pepsin. |
|
Definition
What is the purpose of HCl in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the pH level of HCl? |
|
|
Term
Digests proteins into polypeptides |
|
Definition
What does pepsin in the stomach do? |
|
|
Term
Protects the stomach lining from acid |
|
Definition
What is the mucus's purpose in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Semi-liquid mass of mixed food and pepsin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chyme passes through what structure in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The small intestine of a human is how long? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What structures in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Digestion that occurs in the small intestine primarily occurs in which part? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine? [List in order] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the small intestine, absorption primarily takes place through capillaries in which parts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the small intestine, what are sugars and amino acids taken up by? |
|
|
Term
Columnar epithelium cells of villi; Glycerol; Triglyceride |
|
Definition
In the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed by what? After these are absorbed, what do they combine with, and what does this combination make? |
|
|
Term
Proteins called Chylomicrons |
|
Definition
Triglycerides are covered in what? |
|
|
Term
Small intestine --> Lacteals of villi --> Lymph vessels --> Blood vessels |
|
Definition
Describe the path that triglycerides take once they are absorbed in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycerol is a ___ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acids are usually ___ to ___ carbon molecules. |
|
|
Term
3 fatty acids attach to a glycerol molecule "Tri-" "-Glyceride" |
|
Definition
Describe why the "triglycerides" have this name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Structure of attachment between small and large intestine. |
|
|
Term
Evolutionary remains of larger functional cecum in herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Feed on residue Secrete amino acids and vitamin K |
|
Definition
What is the function of fungi/bacteria in the colon? |
|
|
Term
Enzymes are ALWAYS proteins and bile is NOT a protein. |
|
Definition
Why is bile NOT an enzyme, even though it has a similar function? |
|
|
Term
Small fat globules; Disaccharides/Monosaccharides |
|
Definition
Large fat globules + bile = _______ + pancreatic lipase = _______ |
|
|
Term
Trypsin Pancreatic Lipase Pancreatic Amylase HCO3- |
|
Definition
What are the four most important enzymes secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
Chymotripsin Carboxypeptidase |
|
Definition
Along with Trypsin, what other two enzymes, secreted by the pancreas, break down proteins/peptides into small peptides/amino acids? |
|
|
Term
Breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids |
|
Definition
What is the purpose of pancreatic lipase, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
What is the purpose of pancreatic amylase, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
Nuetralizes acid pH level in chyme from 2 --> 7 |
|
Definition
What is the function of HCO3-, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the biggest organ in the body? [Not including the skin] |
|
|
Term
1. Conversion of sugars to form glucose 2. Conversion of excess calories into glycogen or fat 3. Synthesis of nonessential amino acids 4. Removal of amino acids from organic compounds 5. Urea formation from proteins 6. Synthesis of most blood plasma proteins (ex. Albumin) 7. Destruction of worn out RBC's 8. Main storage center of vitamins A, D, E, K, fats, and glycogen |
|
Definition
What are the eight functions of the liver? |
|
|
Term
Stores bile synthesized by the liver |
|
Definition
What is the function of the gall bladder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is bile alkaline or acidic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What component of the bile is responsible for emulsification of the large fat globules into small fat globules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Besides emulsifying large fat globules into small fat globules, what is the other function of bile salts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: These structures coat the surface of clumps of fatty acids + glycerol. |
|
|
Term
Across intestine epithelium into lymphatic lacteals |
|
Definition
How are micelles absorbed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Main digestive enzyme in stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are peptides broken down by? |
|
|
Term
Simple diffusion Integumentary exchange/cutaneous Gills Trachea Book lungs |
|
Definition
What are the five ways intertebrates exchange gases? [Respiration] |
|
|
Term
Protozoa, simple life, Platyhelmenthes, Hydra |
|
Definition
Which invertebrates use simple diffusion for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which invertebrates use tracheae for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which invertebrates use cutaneous/integumentary surface for respiration? |
|
|
Term
The most advanced aquatic invertebrates (octopus, crab, shrimp) |
|
Definition
Which invertebrates use gills for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which invertebrates use book lungs for respiration? |
|
|
Term
Chitin-lined branching tubes throughout body used for respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lamellae and ventral spiracle |
|
Definition
Book lungs consist of...? |
|
|
Term
Bimodal Breathing Cutaneous Exchange Gills Lungs |
|
Definition
What are the four ways vertebrates exchange gases? [respiration] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Respiration in both air and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a vertebrate that uses bimodal breathing. |
|
|
Term
Capillaries are just below the epidermis |
|
Definition
How does cutaneous exchange work? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give an example of a vertebrate that uses cutaneous exchange. |
|
|
Term
Countercurrent flow (Air flows in opposite directions near each other) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Birds (they also use air sacs) |
|
Definition
What animal is one of the most efficient lung users? |
|
|
Term
There is a huge amount of thin, moist respiratory epithelium that greatly increases area for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
Why are lungs so efficient? |
|
|
Term
1. Ventilating Lungs 2. Oxygen diffusion 3. Bulk flow of RBCs 4. Internal Exchange 5. Cellular Respiration |
|
Definition
What are the five phases of respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: The five stages in respiration occurs in all air-breathing animals. |
|
|
Term
Bulk flow of air is ventilated in and out of lungs |
|
Definition
What happens during the first phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
Oxygen diffuses across the aveolus, capillary wall, and RBC membrane, then binds to hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
What happens during the second phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the most common protein in the human body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many oxygen (O2) molecules does one hemoglobin molecule carry? |
|
|
Term
A bulk flow of RBCs occurs through the lungs --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> Systemic circuit --> capillaries |
|
Definition
What happens in the third phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
Oxygen diffuses across capillary wall into interstitial fluid across the cell membrane and across the mitochondrial membrane. |
|
Definition
What happens during the fourth phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
Steps #4-#1 occur in a reverse sequence after cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. This time, however, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is being transported and is carried by a bicarbonate ion in the plasma, not a RBC. |
|
Definition
What happens during the fifth phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- |
|
Definition
What is the chemical equation that occurs in cellular respiration to form a bicarbonate ion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
55; 45; Platelets, RBCs, WBCs |
|
Definition
Plasma makes up __% of the blood. The other __% is made up of ___, ___, and ___. |
|
|
Term
Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Respiratory bronchioles -> Alveoli |
|
Definition
List the path of respiration starting at the trachea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alveoli have extensive ___ ___ where gas exchange takes place. |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary arteries (low O2 content) Pulmonary veins (high O2 content) |
|
Definition
What two structures in the body are the exceptions for the fact that arteries have high O2 content and veins have low O2 content? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: In the lungs, these structure have huge amounts of area for gas exchange "like a tennis court." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gas exchange takes place through walls to capillaries through ___ ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of tissue is always moist and causes the mist on windows that we sometimes see? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Breathing by inhaling and exhaling |
|
|
Term
The diaphragm pulls downward and both it and the intercostal muscles contract which elongates the thoracic cavity, creating negative pressure, creating a vacuum which rushes the air into the lungs to inflate them. |
|
Definition
What occurs during inhaling? |
|
|
Term
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and thoracic cavity returns to normal size, forcing air out. |
|
Definition
What happens during exhaling? |
|
|
Term
Abdominal muscles contract, pushing abdominal organs against the diaphragm to increase pressure in thoracic cavity. |
|
Definition
What happens during forcible breathing? |
|
|
Term
Alveolar pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure which expels air from lungs. |
|
Definition
What happens when lungs compress air in alveoli? |
|
|
Term
Oxygen is needed for both the respiratory AND circulatory systems. |
|
Definition
Why do advanced animals have an increased need for oxygen than simpler animals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Organic compounds with copper or iron that binds to oxygen. |
|
|
Term
RBCs, blood plasma, and coelomic fluid |
|
Definition
Hemoglobin is carried in what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What makes the blood red? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What makes the blood blue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organic component combined with Copper |
|
|
Term
Mollusks and certain crustaceans |
|
Definition
What animals have blue blood due to hemocyanin? |
|
|
Term
Glycolysis -> Linking Step -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain |
|
Definition
What are the steps in breaking down glucose into something the body can use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ goes through Glycolysis and becomes ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pyruvic acid is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ goes through the linking step and is changed into ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acetyl is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coenzyme A is used during which step in breaking down glucose? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What happens during the Krebs cycle? |
|
|
Term
Energy from NADH is used to pump H+s across the inner-mitochondrial membrane. That energy is later captured to form ATP. |
|
Definition
What happens during the electron transport chain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the final electron acceptor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many ATP are produced from 1 NADH? |
|
|
Term
ATP Synthetase; Synthesizes ATP |
|
Definition
What is the most important enzyme in the electron transport chain and what is its function? |
|
|
Term
Lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. [ATP synthetase is a catalyst] |
|
Definition
What is the function of a catalyst? |
|
|
Term
Gastrovascular cavity Psuedocoel Closed Circulatory System Open Circulatory System |
|
Definition
What are the four types of transport systems in invertebrates? [In humans, this would be our Closed Circulatory system] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which vertebrates have RBCs WITH nuclei? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All macronutrients are absorbed by the end of what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which animals use the gastrovascular cavity as a transport [circulatory] system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which animals use their psuedocoel as a transport [circulatory] system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What animal is the first separate circulatory system observed in? |
|
|
Term
The heart pumps hemolymph (blood) through the heart --> blood vessels --> hemocoel --> blood vessels --> heart |
|
Definition
How does an open circulatory system work? |
|
|
Term
Blood is contained in blood vessels; there is no hemocoel. |
|
Definition
How does a closed circulatory system work? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many cell layers thick are capillaries? |
|
|
Term
Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart |
|
Definition
Briefly describe the path of the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, and hormones Defend against pathogens Clots Helps body regulate temperature and pH levels |
|
Definition
What is the function of blood? |
|
|
Term
Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets) |
|
Definition
What are the two general blood contents? |
|
|
Term
90% water 7% proteins 3% other |
|
Definition
What does plasma consist of? |
|
|
Term
Albumin Fibrinogin Globulin |
|
Definition
In blood plasma, what are the three major proteins? List these from most abundant to least abundant. |
|
|
Term
Ions Amino acids Glucose Enzymes Hormones Wastes (CO2) |
|
Definition
In blood plasma, what does the "3% other" category consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mammals vs Fish/Amphibians no nucleus -- nucleus biconcave disk -- oval small -- large |
|
Definition
What are the differences between the RBCs of mammals and other vertebrates compared to the RBCs of fish and amphibians? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Hemoglobin carrying oxygen |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary (to the lungs and back) Systemic (to rest of body and back) |
|
Definition
What are the two circuits in the circulatory system called, and what do they consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Destroy pathogens at cuts Remove cell debris |
|
Definition
What is the function of a leukocyte? |
|
|
Term
Nuetrophils Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes |
|
Definition
What are the five types of leukocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the most common white blood cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The first cell to arrive at a cut is the..? |
|
|
Term
Attracted to sites of inflammation because they are active phagocytes (engulf foreign particles). |
|
Definition
What is the function of a nuetrophil? |
|
|
Term
Release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate/leak fluid at site of inflammation. |
|
Definition
What is the function of a basophil? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the second most common white blood cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nuetrophils make up __% of all WBCs, while lymphocytes make up about ___%. |
|
|
Term
Important in immune response |
|
Definition
What is the function of lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
B-lymphocytes (or B-cells) T-lymphocytes (or T-cells) |
|
Definition
What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where are B-cells synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where are T cells synthesized and what is their function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parts of blood cells are broken off in blood vessels |
|
Definition
How are platelets formed? |
|
|
Term
Attach/plug damage blood vessels and start clot |
|
Definition
What is the function of platelets? |
|
|
Term
Transport colorless fluid into circulatory system |
|
Definition
What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
|
|
Term
Blue = veins Red = arteries |
|
Definition
When veins and arteries are displayed in color, which colors usually represent them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Condition in which bicuspid or tricuspid valves leak, causing some blood to flow the wrong way. |
|
|
Term
Specialized "nerves" only in heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Pressure caused by beating of heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Pressure caused by concentration of solutes. |
|
|
Term
Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Bicuspid valve Aortic valve |
|
Definition
What are the names of the four valves in the heart? |
|
|
Term
Right atrioventricular valve |
|
Definition
What is another name for the Tricuspid valve? |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
Definition
What is another name for the pulmonary valve? |
|
|
Term
Left atrioventricular valve; Mitral valve |
|
Definition
What is another name for the Bicuspid valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is another name for the aortic valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The right atrium receives blood from what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Natural pacemaker of heart |
|
|
Term
SA node -> Across atria -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle branches (fibers) -> Purkinje fibers |
|
Definition
Describe the flow of the wave of excitation in the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: The heart does NOT require stimulation from nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where is the AV node located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At what point does the wave of excitation in the heart cross the septum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: The atria first contracts, sending the blood into the ventricle, which then contracts and sends blood on its way through the body. |
|
|
Term
Superior part of right atrium |
|
Definition
Where is the SA node located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True/False: The Lymphatic system has a one way flow. |
|
|
Term
On the arterial end of capillaries, there is a slight net flux of pressure caused by subtracting the hydrostatic pressure minus the osmotic pressure. |
|
Definition
What causes the slight excess of interstitial fluid (which causes need for lymphatic system to transfer it to blood)? |
|
|
Term
Solvent = liquid Solute = solid |
|
Definition
In solutes and solvent, which is the liquid and which is the solid that is dissolved by the liquid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Elimination of metabolic wastes from body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Excretion of nitrogenous wastes and regulation of water and solutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animal whose osmotic concentration of body fluids = osmotic concentration of environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Animals whose fluids are at a different osmotic concentration than the environment. |
|
|
Term
Hypoosmotic; They must compensate by conserving H20 and have very small, concentrated amounts of urea. |
|
Definition
Are marine animals hypo/hyperosmotic to their environment? What does this mean they have to do? |
|
|
Term
Hyperosmotic; Compensate by excreting H20; they excrete large volumes of very dilute urea. |
|
Definition
Are freshwater animals hyper/hypoosmotic to their environment? What does this mean they must do? |
|
|
Term
Contractile vacuoles Protonephridia Metanephridia Green Glands Malpighian Tubules Coxal Glands |
|
Definition
What were the several types of invertebrate excretion techniques we learned about? |
|
|
Term
Protozoa Porifera Cnidaria Echinodermata |
|
Definition
What organisms use contractile vacuoles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When freshwater protozoa and sponges use contractile vacuoles to expel water, does it require energy? |
|
|
Term
Flame cells; These filter fluids through excretory canals and finally through a nephridopore. |
|
Definition
What structures do protonephridia contain and what do these do? |
|
|
Term
Platyhelmenthes; Rotifera; Mollusk larva |
|
Definition
What organisms use protonephridia? |
|
|
Term
Earthworms and most annelids |
|
Definition
What animals use a metanephridia? |
|
|
Term
Excretion takes place through the nephridostome -> tubule -> bladder -> nephridopore |
|
Definition
What is the function of the metanephridia? |
|
|
Term
Eliminate water Reabsorb ions Void nitrogenous wastes |
|
Definition
What is the function of green glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What animal has green glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What animal uses malpighian tubules? |
|
|
Term
Void uric acid into gut Absorb potassium ions from hemocoel |
|
Definition
What is the function of malpighian tubules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What animals use coxal glands? |
|
|
Term
Move uric acid through sacs -> ducts -> pores **Nutrients reabsorbed along ducts** |
|
Definition
What is the function of coxal glands? |
|
|
Term
Their closed circulatory system's heart forces blood through membrane filter in kidney where the three functions of osmoregulation occur. |
|
Definition
How do vertebrates achieve osmoregulation? |
|
|
Term
1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion |
|
Definition
What are the 3 processes of osmoregulation? |
|
|
Term
Between the Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
Where does filtration (of osmoregulation) occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What important structure does the kidney contain? |
|
|
Term
Blood passes through a filter and retains cells (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) and large molecules (proteins), while small molecules/ions are passed through to be reabsorbed if needed. |
|
Definition
What happens during osmoregulation's filtration step? |
|
|
Term
Selective ions/molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood from filtrate in nephron. |
|
Definition
What happens during osmoregulation's reabsorption step? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Fluid that passes through nephron. |
|
|
Term
Select larger ions/molecules in blood that did not pass through the filter are absorbed into any part of the nephron (from the peritubular capillary) and pass out of the body with urine. |
|
Definition
What happens during osmoregulation's secretion step? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Condition in which the body has a hard time reabsorbing glucose. |
|
|
Term
Renal artery -> Afferent artery -> Glomerulus -> Efferent artery -> Peritubular capillaries -> Renal vein |
|
Definition
Describe the path of the blood when going through osmoregulation. |
|
|
Term
Mouth; Polysaccharides -> di/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where it is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Salivary Amylase |
|
|
Term
Stomach; Proteins -> peptides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Pepsin |
|
|
Term
Liver; Large fat globule -> Small fat globules |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Bile |
|
|
Term
Pancreas; Small fat globules -> monoglycerides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Pancreatic Lipase |
|
|
Term
Pancreas; Peptides -> amino acids/small peptides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
Pancreas; Polysaccharides -> di/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Pancreatic Amylase |
|
|
Term
From matrix -> inter-membrane space |
|
Definition
During the electron transport chain, in which direction are the protons moving? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During the breakdown of glucose, what are the two high energy coenzymes used? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most of the NADH is synthesized in what step of glucose breakdown? |
|
|
Term
Glycolysis: 1 Linking Step: 1 Krebs Cycle: 3 |
|
Definition
Describe how many and where each NADH comes from during the breakdown of glucose. |
|
|
Term
Krebs Cycle (only 1 is synthesized though) |
|
Definition
When is FADH2 synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What molecules give up their high energy electrons for the ETC? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To pump protons from matrix -> inter-membrane space. |
|
Definition
What are the electrons used for in the ETC? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many ATPs are produced per NADH? |
|
|
Term
FADH2 skips the first channel NADH actually uses this channel |
|
Definition
How is the process of FADH2's electrons going through the ETC different from NADH's? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many ATP does FADH2 produce? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many CO2 molecules are given off during glycolysis? |
|
|
Term
Substrate-level Phosphorilation |
|
Definition
Term: Forming ATP directly without NADH or FADH2 |
|
|
Term
During Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle |
|
Definition
When does substrate level phosphorilation occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Hormone dominant after eating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Hormone dominant after fasting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Temporary storage structure to protect fatty acids and monoglycerides from water. |
|
|
Term
Glomerulus -> Bowman's Capsule -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Loop of Henle (Ascending and Descending branches) -> Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) |
|
Definition
Describe the path of the nephron in order. |
|
|
Term
Lower branch of ascending Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
Where is the only place in a nephron where simple diffusion of NaCl occurs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Large volume of dilute urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Small volume of concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
Ascending branch of Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
What part of the nephron tubule is water impermeable? |
|
|
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) |
|
Definition
By the middle of the ___ of the nephron, 70% of water and sodium have already been reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
__% of molecules are reabsorbed by the end of osmoregulation in the nephron. |
|
|
Term
Anti-diuretic hormone (Causes urine to be different colors) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What portion of the nephron is most infected by ADH? |
|
|
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule |
|
Definition
Which parts of the nephron are hypotonic? |
|
|
Term
Loop of Henle VERY END of distal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
Which parts of the nephron are hypertonic? |
|
|
Term
Urine is more concentrated because there is less water |
|
Definition
What happens if ADH is present at the collecting duct? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Organism that obtains heat from its environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Organism that obtains heat from metabolism. |
|
|
Term
Metabolism Insulation Shivering Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels |
|
Definition
What are several ways an endotherm obtains heat? |
|
|
Term
Panting Sweating Licking Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels |
|
Definition
What are several ways an endotherm regulates heat loss? |
|
|
Term
Temperature-regulating center with fixed set point Controls basic drives (Hunger, thirst, sex) |
|
Definition
What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
|
|
Term
In the lower portion of the brain above the pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
Where is the hypothalamus located? |
|
|
Term
During hibernation or tarpor |
|
Definition
At what points can the set point of the hypothalamus change? [Hint: Not necessarily in humans] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Period of dormancy used by large animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term: Period of dormancy used by small animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|