Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Porifera grade of organization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Spongocoel, Ostea (let water in) /Ocullum (big hole at the top, water out) |
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Term
| What serves the basis for sponge classification? |
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Definition
| skeletal strucute and organization of spicuals |
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Term
| What are the Three main types of sponge cells? |
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Definition
choanocytes
archeocytes
Pinacocytes |
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Term
| How are sponge cells arranged from outer to inner cells? |
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Definition
| Picaderm (pinacocytes make up), archeao is in the center, choanocytes |
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Term
| What organism has Chanocytes? Descibe them and their function |
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Definition
| Porifera; flagella filter and strain food |
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Term
| What organism has Archaeocytes? Describe them and their function |
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Definition
| Porifera; site of ameboid type digestion |
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Term
| What organism has Pinacocytes? Describe them and their function |
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Definition
| Porifera; function make up the picoderm |
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Term
| How do sponges acquire nutrients from their environment? |
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Definition
| Ener through small pores in the side and is filtered. exits through the osteum. |
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Term
| What is absolutely necessary for sponges to acquire food? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the complexity of the canals contribute to food acquistition in sponges |
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Definition
| more surface area/longer cannals= more food absorbtion. |
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Term
| What is the symmetry in cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the tissue layers in cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
| diploblastic epidermis and gastrodermis |
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Term
| What is the grade of organization for cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the body cavities for cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
| acoelomates-incomplete gut with a gastro-vascular cavity-mouth |
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Term
| What are the body types for cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages to the body types exhibited in cnidaria and ctenophora? |
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Definition
Pollyp-low energy required for their asexual reproduction allows for high population/colinization-no extra en to aquire food
Medusa-mobile-allows for sexual repro through gametes and sperm. Statocytes and occelli which allows for predation. Have nerve rig...spread of species and diversity |
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Term
| How are cnidarians able to contract, bend pulse ect? |
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Definition
| epithelieal muscular cells allow for contraction and bending |
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Term
| What is the distinguishing characteristic for cnidarians? |
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Definition
| Cnidocytes-house nematocysts-barb |
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Term
| How does the nematocyst enable cnidarians in terms of predation? |
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Definition
| use to hunt by the trigger in the nematocyts-stabs and pulls them in |
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Term
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Definition
| symetricle and asymmetricle synapses |
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Term
| Why is the nerve net important? |
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Definition
| allows for signals to move more than two ways and sense entire environment at once. |
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Term
| How do comb rows accomplish movement in ctenophores? |
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Definition
| 8 rows of tenes which beat in synch and |
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Term
| What direction does movement occur in the comb rows of ctenophores? |
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Definition
| Away from the head-moves head first |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do ctenophora acquire food? |
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Definition
| Copoblasts adhear the food |
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Term
| What are two major evolutionary advances that occur in organisms that actively seek food, shelter, mates, ect? |
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Definition
| cephalization, bilateral symmetry |
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Term
| What are the potential bennefits to a flattened body shape? |
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Definition
| more surface area for food to diffuse through |
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Term
| Why is platyhelinthes not a monophyletic grouping? |
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Definition
| they do not have a distinguishing characteristic (synaphomorphic) |
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Term
| Describe the function of statocyts in platyhelminthes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of ocelli in platyhelminthes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of rheoreceptors in platyhelminthes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of rhabdites in Platyhelminthes |
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Definition
| secreate the mucus for locomotion and protection |
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Term
| Describe the outer covering of member of phylum PLatyhelminthes |
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Definition
| syncytial tegument-non ciliated |
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Term
| What is the importance of the covering type to organisms in Platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the outer covering of Platyhelminthes lead to clad Neodermata? |
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Definition
| Protection from host organisms natural defenses |
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Term
| How does osmoregulation occur in planarians? |
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Definition
| flame cells-protonephridia |
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Term
| Describe reproduction and development in phylum Platyhelminthes |
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Definition
monecious-sexual and asexual
direct development |
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Term
| Describe adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle |
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Definition
| hooks, suckers, poorly developed sex organs,penetration glands |
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Term
| Name 2 digeneans that cause human disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a general digenean life cycle |
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Definition
| host-poops eggs. Ingested by intermediate, taken up by second intermediate, ate by defenitive host and cycle starts over |
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Term
| What is the difference between direct and indirect hosts? |
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Definition
| Direct hosts carry the adult forms and indirect hosts is the larval carrier |
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Term
| Describe the body sturcter of a tapeworm (including the digestive tract) |
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Definition
Proglotids (reopro)
no digestive tract |
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Term
| In what situation does a tapeworm harm its host? |
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Definition
| When there are so many that it blocks the tracts and intestinal rupture |
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Term
| Descirbe the lifecycle of the beef tapeworm. |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you stop a beef tapeworm cycle? |
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Definition
| end intermediates, vaccinate cattle (deworm) |
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Term
| Describe the circulatory system of nemerteans |
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Definition
| Closed-blood moves via movement of body |
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Term
| How do nemerteans capture prey? |
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Definition
| They use their irriversable proboscus |
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Term
| Describe nemertean respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe nemertean excretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe nemertean nutrient distribution |
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Definition
| Muscle moves through digestion and circulatory system |
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Term
| What are the general charcteristics of phyla Platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
| diecous, compleate digestive system, non ciliated body wall with circular and longitudinal muscles |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of phyla Nemertea? |
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Definition
| diecous, compleate digestive system, non ciliated body wall with circular and longitudinal muscles |
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Term
| How do lophotrochozoans differ from edysozoans? |
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Definition
edysozoans must go through ecdysis
first opening becomes the mouth in lohotrochozoans, the second opening becomes the mouth in edysozoans |
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Term
| Why are both lophotrochozoans and edysozoans included in protosomia? |
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Definition
| both have spiral cleavage and mosaic development |
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Term
| What are the advantages of the pseudocoelomate over acolomates body plan? |
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Definition
o More space for digestive, excretory and reproductive system
o Easier to disteibue materials
o Storage for waste products
o Hydrostatic skeleton |
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Term
| What is the distinguishing characteristic of phylum Rotifera? |
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Definition
| corona-wheel of cilia around the organisms head creating current food requiremnt |
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Term
| What is the advantage of encystment to rotifers? |
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Definition
| can survive until suitable time |
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Term
| What is the ecological importance of rotifers? |
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Definition
| important food source-zooplancton |
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Term
| What is the function of the head in molluscs? |
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Definition
| holds the sense organs-food aquirement |
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Term
| What is the function of the foot in molluscs? |
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Definition
| locomotion, modified for attachment or jet propultion |
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Term
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Definition
| a tounge-like structure with teeth-like projections |
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Term
| What phyla exhibit a radula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the radula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of the mantle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of the mantle cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures form the mantle cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe an open circulatory system |
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Definition
| All fluids dump into a sinus, and mix. ONly partially contained in the vessles |
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Term
| Describe a closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| heart organ pumps through vessles blood stays in these vessles |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system? |
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Definition
| More efficient distribution of nutrients |
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Term
| Describe reproduction in molluscs |
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Definition
o Most are diecious, some hermaphroditic, non asexual
o Produce free-swimmin trochophore larve
o Gastropoda/bivalves often have advanced form of trochophore larvae called veligor larvae |
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Term
| What is the unique characteristics to the larval forms of molluscs? |
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Definition
| free-swimmin trophophores with indirect development |
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Term
| Describe the process of torsion |
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Definition
| Rotation of the shell counter clockwise 180 degrees |
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Term
| What are the dis/advantages to torsion? |
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Definition
Allows for head to be pulled in quickly
sense organs are all in front to no where it's going
Anus is over head |
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Term
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Definition
| spiral winding of shell and viscera |
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Term
| What are the dis/advantages to coiling? |
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Definition
Whirl is up and wt is distibuted evenly
kidney/gills smashed |
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Term
| What is the difference between intra and extracellular digestion? |
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Definition
Intra-inside gasto cells
extra- outside cells (in gastro vascular cavity) |
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Term
| Describe and name structures used in respiration in pulmonates |
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Definition
| vascularlized lung instead of gills |
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Term
| Describe the locomotion in class Gastropoda |
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Definition
| lay down a track of mucus |
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Term
| Describe locomotion in class bivalvia |
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Definition
| foot extends out and pull in (retracor and extender muscles) |
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Term
| Describe locomotion in class cephalopoda |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advnatage of glochidia? |
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Definition
| can move far distances (attach to gills) |
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Term
| What are the general charteristics of phylum mollusca including various sense organs and their fucntion |
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Definition
| True coelomate, meosdermal membranes, blood vessels, alimentary canal growth, head, radula mantle, mantle cavity, open circulatory sytem, and most are dioecious |
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Term
| What class exhibit chromatophores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the function of chromatophores |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the reproduction of class cephalopoda |
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Definition
| sperm packets on a specialized tenticle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an advantage to metamerism? |
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Definition
| Can loose one,and still have more |
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Term
| Describe a hydrostatic skeleton |
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Definition
| coelum fluid filled, volume constant. |
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Term
| Which phyla contain hydrostatic skeletons? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is movement accomplished in phylum Annelida? |
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Definition
Longitudinal: shorten and expand
Circular: narrow and lengthen
Paristalsis |
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Term
| What are the major structures that play a roll in movment for phylum Annelida? |
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Definition
| Sections; setae keep separate, push head forward, body out. Setae function as anchor |
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Term
| What is the feature that croups Oligochaeta and Hirudinida into the larger clade, Clitellata? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| kidney like organ-filters counter curren-excreates waste |
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Term
| What class exhibits metanephridia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What circulatory system does class Oligochaeta exhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe reproductive process of class oligochaeta |
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Definition
| line up anti-parallel so the clitella are on oposite sides. monecious. Clitella slides off in a lemon shape and that houses sperm and eggs-direct development |
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Term
| What is the function of the phyanx in class Oligochaeta? |
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Definition
| food drawn in by the sucking action |
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Term
| What is the function of the crop in class Oligochaeta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the gizzard in class Oligochaeta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage to a hardened outer cuticle |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the challenges of a hardened outer cuticle? |
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Definition
| must shed because growth is impaired |
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Term
| How are animals with a harded cuticle deal with the changlenges of this feature? |
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Definition
| shed their cuticle and make a new one. |
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Term
| Describe how a hardened outer cuticle important in the classification of those animals. |
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Definition
| evoultionary relationship |
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Term
| How is food moved through the Nematode digestive tract |
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Definition
| Pharnex suck it in, on cell layer and pull anus open with explode |
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Term
| How can efficiency of locomotion in Neatodes be increased? |
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Definition
| Efficiency increased with increased pressure |
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Term
| Describe how locomotion is achieved in Nematodes |
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Definition
| • Have only longitudinal muscle-push against cuticle for locomotion and movement of fluids/food through cavity (very high pressure-waste explodes) |
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Term
| How does deffication occur in Nemadoes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of copulatory spicules. |
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Definition
| Hold open the vulva while ejaculatory muscles inject sperm |
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Term
| Describe the lifecycle of Ascaris |
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Definition
| swallowed, hatch, burrow to blood |
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Term
| What is the significance of Ascaris? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lifecycle of hookworms |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of hookworms |
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Definition
| retards mental and physical growth, lethargy |
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Term
| Describe the lifecycle trichina worms |
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Definition
| penetrate blood, circulate skeletal muscle, gene expression |
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Term
| What is the significance of trichina worms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lifecycle of fliarial worms |
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Definition
| microfilarae into blood lymph |
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Term
| What is the significance of flilarial worms |
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Definition
| pennetrate lymph nodes (including heart!) |
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Term
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Definition
| stiffening of ancestral soft cuticle, jointts,j flexibility, sequence of molts, hormonal control, hydro skeleton lost and motile cilia lost |
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Term
| What are the major advangages that arthropods share |
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Definition
| versitile exoskeleton, segmentation and appendages, air piped divertly to cells, highly sensory organs, behaviorl paturnes, use of diverse resources |
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Term
| What are the reasons that the cuticle is important to arthropos sucess? |
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Definition
| better protection, verse dehydration and better sturcuture, increases strength, movable joints and creates free movements |
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Term
| What is the subphyla, class and order of spiders? |
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Definition
Chelicerata
Arachinida
Aranea |
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Term
| What is the subphyla, class and order of scorpions? |
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Definition
Chelicerata
Archinida
Scorpiones |
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Term
| What is the subphyla, class and order of ticks? |
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Definition
Chelicerata
Archinida
Acari |
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Term
| What is the basic spider body plan? |
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Definition
Tagmata-head and abdomen
Cephalothorax
Thorax |
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Term
| What is the function of book lungs in spiders? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of a book lung. |
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Definition
| parallel air pockets exting to blood filled chambers. Slit in body wall is where air enters. |
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Term
| Describe the exretory system of spiders |
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Definition
| mulpighian tubles. Absorb K and other solutes and wates |
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Term
| What is the importnance of order Acari? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how crestatians differ from arthropods. |
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Definition
| 2 pairs of antenae, 2 pair maxilla and one pair of aditional segments and high metamerism |
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Term
| What is the distiguishing characteristic of crestations |
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Definition
| 2 pairs of antenae, 2 pair maxilla and one pair of aditional segments and high metamerism |
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Term
| What is the basic body plan for crestations? |
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Definition
| cephalothorax and abdomen |
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Term
| What is meant by homologous structures? |
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Definition
| derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental orgin |
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Term
| What is meant by serial homology? |
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Definition
The evolution of a series of structures all similar to each other but modified for different functions |
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Term
| What is the difference between biramous and uniramous appendages? |
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Definition
Biramous appendage splits off of the base
Uniramous- one off of the base (can split later) |
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Term
| How does respiration occur in crayfish? |
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Definition
| gas exchange through cutucile, featherlike gills that draw water in for counter current exchange |
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Term
| How does circulation occur in crayfish? |
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Definition
| single chambered heart with sinuses (open system). go through gills to get more oxygen |
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Term
| How does excreation occur in creayfish? |
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Definition
| green glands. forced into sac by pressure-enters in to spongy labrynth into tube bladder where resorbes salts, a.a., glucose and water |
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Term
| How does the crayfish compound eye function? (Day vs Night) |
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Definition
ometidia
light: all spread out with gaps(must hit directly), sharper detailed image
dark: all light coming in, general and fuzzy |
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Term
| Hyper, Hypo and Isosomotic pressures. |
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Definition
Hyper-higher concentration outside vs inside
Hypo-lower concentration outside vs inside
Iso-same inside and out |
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Term
| How do statocytes function in crayfish? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between molting and ecdysis |
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Definition
molting-process of making a larger cuticle
ecdysis is only the cuticle |
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Term
| What occurs in the intermolt phases? |
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Definition
| animal grows until there is no free space |
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|
Term
| What occurs in the premolt phases? |
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Definition
| secreation of a new epidermis from the epidermal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the new cuticle pushes off the old one-swells whole body to crack it off |
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Term
| What is the function of the pyloric stomach? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cardiac stomach? |
|
Definition
| gastric mills grind up food |
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|
Term
| What is the importnace of zooplanctin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cladocerans-krill. copepods ... What is their ecological importance? |
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Definition
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