Phylum Mollusca

Class Scaphopoda

-no head, eyes, or gills

-tusk/tooth/tubular (both ends open) shells

-mantle is wrapped around viscera & forms a tube

-foot protrude through large end to burrow into mud

-benthic/marine/subtidal areas

-feed on detritus (dead organic material)/protozoa

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

-One of the largest classes

-Shell is always in one piece

-Most are benthic

-Torsion (mantle cavity, viseral mass & shell are moved up 180°)

-Some undergo coiling 

1. Comb-like gill structures (ctenidium)

2. Lung-like structures

Open

3 pairs of ganglia & sensory organs (eyes, photo & chemorecepetors)

Both

1. Do organisms in class gastopoda (phylum mollusca) have a open or closed circulatory system?

2. Describe their nervous system.

3. Monoecious or Dioecious?

1. Prosobranchs

ex. Abalone

(marine snails, some f.w., terrestial)

2. Opisthobranchs

ex. sea slugs, sea hares, sea butterflies

(marine, shallow water)

3. Pulmonates

ex. snails & slugs

(f.w., terrestrial)(monoecious)

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

"Pelecypoda" "Hatchet-foot" animal

2 identical laterally compressed shells

-sedentary, filter-feeding (cilia on their gills)

-uses: dams, pollution, poaching/collecting, exotic species, buttons

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

Adductor Muscles-hinge the 2 shells

Umbo- Oldest part-growth occurs outward

Pearl production-nacre (protein coating)

Move: -foot (anchor filled with blood)

- adductor mucscle (jet propolusion)

Oyster-viseral mass & foot

Scallop-adductor muscle

1. Incurrent siphon- water comes in

2. Excurrent siphon- water goes out

3. Food from water stick to gills

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

-Gland cells produce mucous

-"food grooves" lead to mouth and onto the rest of the digestive system

-99.9% are filter feeders

Nervous- 3 pairs of ganglia

Circulatory- Open-"Auricle"-heart (3 chambered)

-Dioecious

-Fertilization is external

-Gametes discharges out of excurrent siphon

-egg-trochophore larvae-veliger larvae-adult-

-Fertilization is internal

-Eggs stick to gills & fertilized by sperm

-egg-glochidium larvae ("specialized veliger")-attach to fish gills-

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda

-Marine

-All predators

-Modified foot-funnel

-Salinity sensitive-shallow/deep

-Only one with a "true" shell

-gas chambers

-siphuncle (open hole containing viseral mass & lines the length of the shell)

gills- 1 pair

nautilioids- 2 pairs

circulatory-closed

nervous- brain like structure

---squid- giant nerve fibers

reproductive-dioecious-males (spermatophores)

-good eyesight

-convergent evolution (whale+shark=fin)

-intelligent

-chromatophores-cells in skin that contain pigment granules

-ink glands-secrete sepia (contain melanin)

1. Nautiloids

2. Ammonoids (extinct)

3. Everything else (squid, octopus, & cuddle fish)

1. Oligochaeta "few setae"(earthworms)

2. Polychaeta "many setae" (clamworms)

3. Hirudinea (leeches)

-Thin skin, contain a lot of mucous glands

-prevents dehydration

-acts as a lubricant

-how they communicate

-contains setae

Muscular-longitudinal & circular (allow for greater movement)

Skeletal-hydrostatic skeleton & periotneal cavity are fluid filled

Respiratory-diffusion

Excretory- nephridium (pulls out water, glucose, protein and some waste)

Digestive- Complete d.s. CROP (food storage), GIZZARD (food grind & digestion), INTESTINE (absorption)

Circulatory- closed (have blood vessels), 5 hearts-2 main blood vessels run dorsal & ventral

Nervous- long ventral nerve cord,

chemo-, photo-, & mechanoreceptors

-Sexually, monoecious

-internal fertilization

-transfer sperm to each other/can't fertilize self

-clitellium will cloud up as they move and fertilized eggs wil be deposited into a coccon

-genital opening always segments 13-15

Phylum Annelida

Class Polychaeta

Polychaeta

-sensory organs are more developed

-dioecious

-external fertilization

Parapodia- acts as flippers to aid in swimming & acts as gills to exchange O₂ & CO₂.

Radioles (Plumeworms)- filter feeding & work like gills.

Leeches

-mouth & anus act as suckers

-monoecious

saliva contains anesthetic (anticoagulant)

-feed on blood & dead organisms (mostly)

-medicinal (pull blood, reduce swelling, reattachment surgeries)

-exoskeleton-chitin

-segmented body plan

-segments are called 'tagma'

-segments allow for specialized functions/structures

-exoskeleton

-size

-molt

-surface area/volume

-wide array of feeding habits (everything

variety of appendages

-tracheal system (spiracles)

-highly developed sense organs (compound eyes)

-behaviorial patterns

-metamorphosis

Spiracles- openings to air tubes

Phylum Arthropoda

-change into some other form

-way to distrube the utilization of different food sources

1. Trilobita

2. Chelicerata

3. Crustacea

4. Uniramia

-Extinct

-Marine

-Body=head, trunk, & pygidium

1. Class Merostomata

2. Class Arachnida

1. Eurypteroids

2. Horseshoe crabs

-book gills

-marine

-female lay eggs in sand, male fertilizes

-blue blood-copper

-coagulates

-eggs-food source for birds

-used as bait for eels

-population decrease unknown

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

1. Cephalothorax

2. Abdomen

-most are predatory (fangs/claws)

-poison glands (harmless to humans)

-feed by injecting digestive enzymes & sucks up fluids

1. Order Aranae

2. Order Scorpiones

3. Order Opiliones

-short cephalothorax

-stinger

Grandaddy Long Legs

-scavengers/predatory

-penis-direct copulation

-not venomus

Spiders

-fangs with poison glands

-predaceous

-book lungs on tracheae

-malpighian tubules-excretory system

-8 simple eyes

-silk glands on abdomen

tarautula(beesting), black widow(neurotoxin/kill), brown reeluse(hemotoxin)

Order Aranae- scorpiones, opiliones, acari, ticks, mites, chiggers, & spiders

-complete fusion of head/abdomen

-many are pests (spider mites)

-chiggers-larvae-dermal tissue-do not burrow into you

-disease vectors-ticks-lynne disease (bacteria)

Antennae- 2 pairs

Mandibles- 1 pair

Maxillae- 2 pairs

Appendages- 1 pair on each body segment

Gills-yes

-Chitinous exoskeleton

-Carapace

-Cephalothorax

-Abdominal segments- tergites & sternites

-Jointed appendages

-hemocoel-blood filled

-open circulatory system

-hemolymph- "blood"- circulates vis heart & dumps into hemocoel and returns to sinuses 

-respiration-mostly gills, some diffusion

1. Class Branchiopoda- fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, f.w.

2. Class Ostracoda

3. Class Maxillopoda-copepods, barnacles

Class Malacostraca

1. Order Isopoda- most aquatic (roly poly exception)

2. Order Decapoda- shrimp, lobster, crayfish

3. Order Euphausiacea- krill

5 pairs of walking legs

-1st pair are pinchers

-biolumniscent

-photophore (organ)

-1 pair of antennae

- trachae (most)

-malipiyhian tubules

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Uniramia

Class Chilopoda-centipedes

Class Diplopoda-millipedes

1. Class Chilopoda

2. Diplopoda

3. Class Insecta

Centipedes

-many segments (each with 1 pair of legs)

-dioecious

-carnivorous

-poison claw

Millipedes :)

-2 pairs of legs

-not fast

-herbivorous and/or detritus

-nauseous fluid- arsenic compounds

-Entomology

- 3 pairs of legs

-wings (1-2 pairs, if have them)

-widespread-marine?-water spiders

Body (9-11 segments)-head, thorax(s), abdomen(s)

s=spiracles

Locomotion- walk/crawl, flight -2 pairs, halteres(balancers), controlled direct & indirect muscles(attached to wings)

Eating- herbivorous, predecous, parasites, detritivores

mouthparts-sucking, lapping, piercing, sponging, chewing

Circulation- (open) heart & pulsatory organs, move hemolymph (food and nutrients ONLY), gas exchange occurs in the tracheal system

Excretion- Malpignian tubules, pull salts/ions, & concentrate into uric acids

Nervous system- ganglia system

Senses- mechanoreceptors (vibrations, touch, pressure), auditory (tympanal organs), chemoreceptors (pick up chemicals, taste/smell)

Eyes- simple & compound (ommatidia-each acts as an eye)

Reproduction- dioecious, usually fertilization is internal, spermatophores ("packet of sperm")

-protosomes

-look like coral (fossils)

-ordovician period

Lamp Shells

-protosomes

-bottome dwellers (benthic), marine

-resemble bivalves

-lophophore ("arm")

-dorsal/ventral valves

-protosomes

-tropics

-ancient fossil record-cambrian

1. Class Crinoidea-Sea lily

2. Class Asteroidea-Starfish

3. Class Ophiuroidea-Brittle stars

4. Class Echinoidea- Sea urchins, sand dollars

5. Class Holothuroidea-Sea cucumbers

DEUTERSTOMES

-Calcareous endoskeleton

-Water vascular system

-Radial symmetry (convergent evolution-bilateral animal)

-Most are free-living (now)

-Cannot osmoregulate (regulate salt & water in body) never leave saltwater

Sea Lily

-deuterstomes

-have a calyx with arms & a stalk

-"feather stars"

-filter feeders

Brittle Stars

-deuterstomes

-tube feet have no suckers (no ampulla)

-closed ambulacral canal

Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars

-deuterostomes

-closed ambulacral canal

-dioecious

-Aristotle's Lantern (complex chewing mechanism)

-sand dollars-detritivores

sea urchins-omnivorous

Sea Cucumbers

-deuterostomes

-ossicles-reduced

-hydrostatic skeleton

-respiratory tree

Digestive- mouth-esophagus-stomach, carnivorous

Circulatory- hemal system

Nervous system- 3 units: oral-, arboreal system, epidermal nerve plexus

Reproduction- most dioecious, regenerate (some species)

Starfish :)

-open ambulacral canal

-usually have 5 arms

-madreporite- sieve to the water vascular system

-calcareous plates-ossicles