Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 17
Aldehydes & Ketones
41
Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
02/10/2015

Additional Organic Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The common names for aldehydes are derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, with the ending "-ic" or "-oic acid" replaced by "-_____"
Definition
aldehyde
Term
Many ketones also have common names, which consist of the names of the substituent groups followed by the word "_____"
Definition
ketone
Term
What is the common name for diethyl ketone?
Definition
acetone
Term
Phenyl ketones have common names ending in "-_____"
Definition
phenone
Term
Adhering to IUPAC rules, aldehydes are treated as derivatives of the alkanes, with the ending "-e" replaced by "-_____"
Definition
al
Term
alkanal
Definition
an alkane with an aldehyde functional group
Term
What carbon number position is given to the aldehyde carbon?
Definition
C1
Term
A dialdehyde group is denoted as a "-_____"
Definition
dial
Term
carbaldehyde
Definition
when the -CHO group is attached to a ring; the carbon bearing the -CHO group is C1
Term
alkanones
Definition
alkanes with a ketone functional group; the ending "-e" of alkane was replaced with "-one"
Term
cycloalkanones
Definition
compounds in which ketones are part of a ring; an aldehyde cannot be part of a ring (unique to ketones)
Term
Do ketones or alcohols get precedence in naming position?
Definition
ketones
Term
Can the aldehyde functional group be abbreviated as "-COH"?
Definition
no!
Term
What is the abbreviation for the aldehyde functional group?
Definition
"-CHO"
Term
geminal diols/carbonyl hydrates
Definition
RC(OH)2R'; center carbon bonded to two alcohol groups
Term
Are carbonyl hydrates easily isolated as pure substances?
Definition
no!
Term
hemiacetals
Definition
the adduct formed with the reaction between alcohols and aldehydes/ketones; intermediate on the way to an acetal; name comes from the Greek word "hemi" for "half"
Term
acetal
Definition
the resulting compound when the hydroxy function of the hemiacetal is replaced by another alkoxy unit derived from the alcohol
Term
ketal
Definition
an acetal derived from a ketone
Term
2 step mechanism for acetal formation
Definition
1. hemiacetal generation: acid-catalyzed addition of first molecule of alcohol
2. acetal generation: acid-catalyzed SN1 displacement of water by second molecule of alcohol
Term
acetal hydrolysis
Definition
reaction from an acetal to an aldehyde or ketone by adding excess water
Term
Can acetals be isolated as pure substances?
Definition
yes!
Term
Is acetal formation reversible?
Definition
yes!
Term
Use of diols converts aldehydes and ketones into _____ acetals, which are generally more stable than their acyclic counterparts
Definition
cyclic
Term
Is entropy more favorable in the formation of cyclic acetals or acyclic acetals?
Definition
cyclic
Term
Cyclic acetals are the most useful as _____ for the carbonyl function in aldehydes and ketones
Definition
protecting groups
Term
thioacetals
Definition
the sulfur analogs of acetals; produced by reacting an aldehyde/ketone with a thiol & a Lewis acid (i.e. BF3 or ZnCl2); especially stable in a cyclic system
Term
desulfurize
Definition
turning a thioacetal into the corresponding hydrocarbon by treatment with Raney nickel
Term
hemiaminals
Definition
the nitrogen analogs of hemiacetals; formed upon the exposure of an aldehyde/ketone to an amine
Term
imine/Schiff base
Definition
the nitrogen analog of the carbonyl group; formed when a hemiaminal of a primary amine loses water to form a carbon-nitrogen double bond
Term
iminium ion
Definition
the product of the dehydration of a hemiaminal; becomes deprotonated to form an imine
Term
condensations
Definition
processes in which two molecules are joined with the elimination of water (or other small molecules such as alcohols); ex) imine formation from a primary amine & an aldehyde/ketone
Term
Are imines easy to isolate?
Definition
no!
Term
After initial addition to a secondary amine, water is eliminated by deprotonation at _____ to produce an enamine
Definition
carbon
Term
Where does the name "enamine" come from?
Definition
it incorporates both the "ene" function of an alkene & the "amino" group of an amine
Term
deoxygenation
Definition
reduction of the C=O group to CH2
Term
Wolff-Kishner reduction
Definition
condensating a hydrazine with aldehydes/ketones to produce a simple hydrazine which undergoes decomposition with evolution of nitrogen when treated with base at high temperatures; reduces an aldehyde/ketone to its CH2 form
Term
cyanohydrins
Definition
a hydroxyalkanenitrile adduct formed when hydrogen cyanide adds reversibly to the carbonyl group
Term
phosphorous ylide
Definition
a carbanion that is stabilized by an adjacent, positively charged phosphorous group; attacks aldehydes/ketones in the Wittig reaction
Term
phosphorous betaine
Definition
the resulting molecule when the negatively polarized carbon in the ylide is nucleophilic & can attack the carbonyl group
Term
oxaphosphacyclobutane (oxaphosphetane)
Definition
a four-membered ring containing phosphorous & oxygen; formed from the rapid decomposition of the phosphorous betaine
Supporting users have an ad free experience!