Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 2
Structure and Reactivity
119
Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/02/2014
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Organic Chemistry Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
chemical thermodynamics
 Definition
deals with the changes in energy that take place when processes such as chemical reactions occur; extent at which a reaction goes to completion
Term
chemical kinetics
 Definition
concerns the velocity or rate at which the concentrations of reactants & products change; speed at which a reaction goes to completion
Term
thermodynamic control
 Definition
a transformation that yields the most stable products
Term
kinetic control
 Definition
a reaction in which the product obtained is the one formed fastest
Term
state of equilibrium
 Definition
when the concentrations of reactants & products no longer change
Term
driving force
 Definition
when a reaction goes to completion; indicated by a large value for K
Term
equation for K (equilibrium constant)
 Definition
[products][products]
_____________________

[reactants][reactants]
Term
equation for Gibbs standard free energy change (delta G degrees) related to K
 Definition
-RTln(K)
Term
equation for Gibbs standard free energy change related to enthalpy & enropy
 Definition
enthalpy - T(entropy)
Term
enthalpy change
 Definition
the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure during the course of the reaction
Term
equation for enthalpy change in a reaction
 Definition
(sum of bonds broken) - (sum of bonds formed)
Term
exothermic
 Definition
when the bonds formed are stronger than those broken; negative H; releasing heat
Term
endothermic
 Definition
positive H; heat-absorbing
Term
potential-energy diagram
 Definition
plots energy as a function of reaction progress
Term
reaction coordinate
 Definition
the combined processes of bond breaking & bond formation that constitutes the overall change from the structures of the starting compounds into those of the products; how reaction progress is measured
Term
transition state
 Definition
when the energy of a reaction first rises to the maximum
Term
activation energy (Ea)
 Definition
the energy input required to raise the energy of the starting compounds to that of the transition state
Term
Boltzmann distribution curve
 Definition
depicts the distribution of kinetic energy
Term
rate constant
 Definition
proportionality constant "k" in rate equation
Term
second-order
 Definition
a reaction for which the rate depends on the concentrations of two molecules
Term
first order
 Definition
the rate of the reaction only depends on the concentration of one reactant
Term
elecrophilic
 Definition
electron friendly
Term
nucleophile
 Definition
a basic atom when it attacks an atom other than hydrogen
Term
acid
 Definition
a proton donor
Term
base
 Definition
a proton acceptor
Term
acid dissociation constant (Ka)
 Definition
Ka=K[H2O] = ([H3O+][A-])/[HA] * molL^-1
Term
equation for pKa
 Definition
pKa = -log(Ka)
Term
conjugate base
 Definition
the species A- derived from the acid HA
Term
conjugate acid
 Definition
the species HA derived from the base A-
Term
Lewis acid
 Definition
a species that contains an atom that is at least two electrons short of a closed outer shell
Term
Lewis base
 Definition
contains at least one lone pair of electrons
Term
haloalkanes
 Definition
organic compounds possessing carbon-halogen bonds
Term
functional group
 Definition
center of chemical reactivity
Term
functional groups/functionalities
 Definition
the atoms or groups of atoms that tend to be the site of high chemical reactivity on molecules
Term
alkanes
 Definition
hydrocarbons which contain only single bonds
Term
cycloalkanes
 Definition
molecules whose carbons form a ring
Term
alkanes lack _____
 Definition
functional groups
Term
alkenes
 Definition
hydrocarbons with double bonds
Term
alkynes
 Definition
hydrocarbons with triple bonds
Term
haloalkanes
 Definition
contain polar carbon-halogen bonds as their functional groups
Term
hydroxy functional group
 Definition
-O-H
Term
alcohols
 Definition
contain a hydroxyl group
Term
ethers
 Definition
contain an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms; -C-O-C-
Term
carbonyl functional group
 Definition
C=O
Term
aldehydes
 Definition
O=CH
Term
ketones
 Definition
O=CC
Term
carboxylic acids
 Definition
contains the carbonyl group and an -OH
Term
amines
 Definition
contain a nitrogen
Term
thiols
 Definition
replacement of oxygen in alcohols by sulfur
Term
symmetrical ether
 Definition
R-O-R
Term
unsymmetrical ether
 Definition
R-O-R'
Term
straight-chain alkanes
 Definition
linear in structure
Term
branched alkanes
 Definition
the carbon chain contains one or several branching points
Term
primary carbon
 Definition
one attached directly to only one other carbon atom
Term
secondary carbon
 Definition
a carbon attached directly to two other carbon atoms
Term
tertiary carbon
 Definition
a carbon attached directly to three other carbon atoms
Term
quaternary carbon
 Definition
a carbon attached directly to four other carbon atoms
Term
stem chain
 Definition
the longest carbon chain in a molecule
Term
substituents
 Definition
groups other than hydrogen that are attached to a carbon chain
Term
methane
 Definition
n = 1
Term
ethane
 Definition
n = 2
Term
propane
 Definition
n = 3
Term
butane
 Definition
n = 4
Term
pentane
 Definition
n = 5
Term
hexane
 Definition
n = 6
Term
heptane
 Definition
n = 7
Term
octane
 Definition
n = 8
Term
nonane
 Definition
n = 9
Term
decane
 Definition
n = 10
Term
undecane
 Definition
n = 11
Term
dodecane
 Definition
n = 12
Term
tridecane
 Definition
n = 13
Term
tetradecane
 Definition
n = 14
Term
pentadecane
 Definition
n = 15
Term
hexadecane
 Definition
n = 16
Term
heptadecane
 Definition
n = 17
Term
octadecane
 Definition
n = 18
Term
nonadecane
 Definition
n = 19
Term
icosane
 Definition
n = 20
Term
barrier to rotation
 Definition
the energy required to move the hydrogen atoms past each other
Term
there is _____ about all single bonds at room temperature
 Definition
free rotation
Term
conformations/conformers
 Definition
the many forms of a molecule that are created by rotations of the functional groups
Term
conformational analysis
 Definition
the study of conformations' thermodynamic & kinetic behavior
Term
rotational energy/torsional energy/torsional strain
 Definition
the change in energy resulting from bond rotation from the staggered to the eclipsed conformation
Term
ground state
 Definition
the lowest energy state of a molecule
Term
activation energy
 Definition
the difference in energy between ground and transition states
Term
anti
 Definition
the most stable arrangement of a molecule; steric hindrance is minimized (functional groups are as far from each other as possible)
Term
general structure: haloalkanes
 Definition
R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Term
general structure: alcohols
 Definition
R-OH
Term
general structure: ethers
 Definition
R-O-R
Term
general structure: thiols
 Definition
R-SH
Term
general structure: alkenes
 Definition
R - - R
C = C
R - - R
Term
general structure: alkynes
 Definition
R-C(triple)C-R
Term
general structure: aromatic compounds
 Definition
ring of carbons (alternating double bonds)
Term
general structure: aldehydes
 Definition
R-C-H
ll
O
Term
general structure: ketones
 Definition
R-C-R'
ll
O
Term
general structure: carboxylic acids
 Definition
R-C-O-H
ll
O
Term
general structure: anhydrides
 Definition
R-C-O-C-R'
ll ll
O O
Term
general structure: esters
 Definition
R-C-O-R
ll
O
Term
general structure: amides
 Definition
R - C - N - R
ll l
O R
Term
general structure: nitriles
 Definition
R-C(triple)N
Term
general structure: amines
 Definition
R-N-R
l
R
Term
pKa: HI
 Definition
-10
Term
pKa: HBr
 Definition
-9
Term
pKa: HCl
 Definition
-8
Term
pKa: H3O+
 Definition
-2
Term
pKa: NH4+
 Definition
+9
Term
pKa: NH3
 Definition
+35
Term
pKa: H2O
 Definition
+16
Term
pKa: ROH2+
 Definition
-2
Term
pKa: ROH
 Definition
+16
Term
pKa: carboxylic acid
 Definition
+5
Term
pKa: aromatic acid
 Definition
+10
Term
pKa: CH3-aromatic-S(double bonded to two oxygens)-OH
 Definition
-3
Term
pKa: H3C-H
 Definition
+50
Term
pKa: H2C=C-H
l
H
 Definition
+44
Term
pKa: HC(triple bond)CH
 Definition
+25
Term
pKa: N(triple bond)C-H
 Definition
+9.2
Term
pKa: R - C - C - H
ll l
O H2
 Definition
+20
Supporting users have an ad free experience!