Term
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Definition
| Usually smell bad. R-COOH. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carboxylic-acid.svg/150px-Carboxylic-acid.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Add vectors (arrows) of all dipoles in molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only move unshared pairs or double/triple bonds. Curved arrows. Keep octet of O, N, and Group 7. Never exceed octet of Z ≤ 10. Always put charges ≠ 0. If original is neutral, only 1 pos and neg charge can be added each. If original = ion, no new charges added. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives more area for e- to move around, more stable b/c less NRG. |
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Term
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Definition
| RCN http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nitrile-group-2D.png/150px-Nitrile-group-2D.png |
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Term
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Definition
| RSH. Sulfur analog of alcohols. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mercapto_Group_General_Formulae.png/120px-Mercapto_Group_General_Formulae.png |
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Term
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Definition
| RCHO. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aldehyde.svg/150px-Aldehyde.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| RC(=O)R'. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ketone-group-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Ketone-group-2D-skeletal.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Primary-amine-2D-general.png/100px-Primary-amine-2D-general.png. Secondary: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Secondary-amine-2D-general.png/100px-Secondary-amine-2D-general.png. Tertiary: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Amine-2D-general.png/100px-Amine-2D-general.png. Quaternary: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quaternary_ammonium_cation.svg/220px-Quaternary_ammonium_cation.svg.png. |
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Term
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Definition
| R2NCOR. R-C=O linked to N. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amide-general.png/180px-Amide-general.png. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNO2. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nitro-group-2D.png/150px-Nitro-group-2D.png |
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Term
| Most typical resonance moves |
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Definition
| 1) lone pair to single bond = double bond. 2) double bond to atom = single bond + lone pair on atom. 3) double bond to single bond = single bond + double bond. 4) lone pair to double bond = triple bond. 5) triple bond to atom = double bond + lone pair on atom. NEVER move C=C to make C-C: if that's the only move. |
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Term
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Definition
| DOU = (2C + 2 - H - X + N)/2 Ring consumes 1 DOU, double bond consumes 1 DOU, triple bond consumes 2 DOU. |
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Term
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Definition
| CSC. Sulfur analog of ether. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thioether_structure.svg/140px-Thioether_structure.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate (k) that A is transformed to B @ 25degreesC. K = (6.21x10^12)e^(-0.404(ΔE/s)). K = s^-1. ΔE = kJ/mole (NRG of activation). ΔE = diff. between one NRG height and another; use Estrains to get diff., take into account positions you have to go through to get there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isomers where a group undergoes internal rotation. At any point of rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Translational: movement of center of mass, shuffling. Virational: lengthening & shortening of bonds & bond angles. Rotational: about center of mass or internally (body part). |
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Term
| Torsional/Eclipsing strain |
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Definition
| By close approach of e- not involved in same chemical bond (e-'s take up each other's space). |
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Term
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Definition
| By 2 objects trying to occupy same space @ same time. I.e., big molecules in same plane. |
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Term
| Carbonyl, methyl, methylene, methine |
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Definition
| Not free-standing functional groups, but referred to. Carbonyl: C=O, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Carbonyl-general.png/150px-Carbonyl-general.png. Methyl = CH3. Methylene = CH2. Methine = CH. |
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Term
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Definition
| COC. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ether-%28general%29.png/150px-Ether-%28general%29.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Group 7 binded to a C. Superprimary = X-CH3. Primary = X-CH2-C. Secondary = X-CH-C2. Tertiary = X-C3. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Benzene ring. Very thermodynamically stable, low NRG. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Benzene_circle.svg/100px-Benzene_circle.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| C=C. Unsub = H2C=CH2. Monosub = CHC=CH2. Disub = C3=CH2. Trisub = C3=C2H. Tetrasub = C3=C3, most stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| RCOOCH3, RCO2CH3. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ester-general.svg/130px-Ester-general.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Made from values of Estrain for each rotaton position (eclipsed, gauche, anti). Hills = eclipsed, valleys = staggered. Valleys are preferred - lower NRG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds off of C's are directly lined up, e- clouds will overlap, very unstable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds off of C's are alternated, not directly lined up. Results in anti and gauche. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows rotations about σ bonds. Sight down a C-C bond w/substituents shown. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Newman_projection_butane_-sc.png |
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Term
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Definition
| By deviation of bond from its optimum length. Any deviation = less stable, higher NRG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviation from ideal bond angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| C = 4. N = 3. O = 2. H = 1. X = 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| COH. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alcohol.png/180px-Alcohol.png. If C bonded to 0 other C, superprimary. C bonded to 1 C, primary. C bonded to 2 Cs, secondary. C bonded to 3 Cs, tertiary. |
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Term
| Modification of bond length and strength |
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Definition
| If one resonance = double/triple bonds, overall structure has those properties; shorter and stronger bond than a single bond would be. |
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Term
| Modification of hybridization state |
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Definition
| Steric # prediction drops down one if atom can participate in resonance. |
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Term
| Rank of resonance structures |
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Definition
| 1) octet on all atoms. 2) more covalent bonds. 3) less formal charges. 4) opposing charges closer together. 5) + on less χ, - on more χ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Zigzags, C skeleton, doesn't have to include Hs and lone pairs. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/THC_structure.svg/200px-THC_structure.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases diagonally toward F. Ability to attract e-. H is between B&C. |
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Term
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Definition
| δ+/- on less/more χ atom. OR arrow w/+ over less χ atom: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/4754/=dipole.jpg. Unit = Debye (D). |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid line = plane of paper. Dashed = pointing into paper. Wedge = pointing toward you. Unshared e- ignored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pi = double/triple bonds, side to side interactions. Sigma = single bonds, always one per bond group, head to head interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete transfer of e- from metal to nonmetal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Predict w/ steric #, sp^(SN-1) (SN = # atom bonded - # unshared pairs). sp^(SN-2) if participates in resonance. Sp3 = 109.5, tetrahedral, chicken foot. Sp2 = 120, same plane, perp. to 1 p. Sp = 180, perp. to 2 p's. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Difference in χ and bond type |
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Definition
| <0.5 = nonpolar covalent. 0.5-1.9 = polar covalent. >1.9 = ionic. |
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Term
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Definition
| FC = group # - # unshared e- - # bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| NRG required/released by gaining e-. Neg = releases NRG, more stable, wants e-. Pos = gains NRG, less stable, doesn't want to gain e-. Group 8 doesn't want to lose/gain e-. |
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Term
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Definition
| X --> X+ + e-, ΔE = IP Always positive - must add NRG to remove e-. More NRG required to lose e-, less atom wants to give up its e-. |
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