Term
| between what atoms will you find perfect (covalent) sharing of electrons? |
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Definition
| only between two of the same atoms (i.e. H2) |
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Term
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Definition
| when electron sharing between atoms is unequal and they are more strongly drawn to one atom above the other |
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Term
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Definition
| shifting of electrons in a bond toward the more electronegative of the nearby atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a PI or NONBONDING electron that can be in different places on a molecule - RESONANCE STRUCTURES |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
acid: donates H+ in solution
base: accepts H+ in solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a strong acid has a __________ Ka and a ________ pKa |
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Definition
| a strong acid has a HIGH Ka and a SMALL pKa |
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Term
from left ---> right across the periodic table, the atoms will be _________ stable (re: being acidic)
from down ^ up on the periodic table, the atoms will be ___________ stable |
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Definition
----> MORE stable (stronger acid)
^ LESS stable (weaker acid; stronger acid as you increase in size) |
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Term
| S-H is [more/less] acidic than O-H |
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Definition
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Term
| why are multiple bonds more stable? (i.e. a hydrogen attached to them will be more acidic) |
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Definition
| S orbitals are low in energy; the smaller the amount of hybidization, the greater % of S-orbital they have in them; low energy is more stable. |
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Term
| three types of Lewis acids |
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Definition
1. metal cations (can accept electron pair)
2. compounds with unfilled valence shells/orbitals
3. electrophiles (organic compounds that like electrons) |
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Term
Lewis bases [are/are not] also Bronsted-Lowry bases. Why/why not?
Lewis acids [are/are not] also Bronsted-Lowry acids. Why/why not? |
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Definition
Lewis bases (donate an electron pair) can accept hydrogens too - they ARE also Bronsted bases.
Lewis acids don't always have a hydrogen in them! So they often aren't also Bronsted bases. |
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Term
| alkanes are relatively inert, but they react with _________ and _________ |
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Definition
| they react with HALOGENS and OXYGEN |
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Term
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Definition
| intermolecular, noncovalent interactions between temporary "induced" dipoles |
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Term
Boiling point and melting point go [up/down] with more carbons in alkanes?
Boiling point and melting point go [up/down] with more branching in alkanes?
Why? |
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Definition
with more carbons, intermolecular forces are stronger, so BP and MP go UP
but there's less surface area with more branching, so BP and MP go DOWN |
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Term
| torsional strain vs. steric strain |
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Definition
| torsional strain is the repulsion of bonds; steric strain is the repulsion between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| empty orbitals are filled [with electrons] first |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest-energy orbitals fill first |
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Term
| bonds break spontaneously if.... |
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Definition
| the PRODUCTS are more stable than the REACTANTS |
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Term
| what is wrong with this sentance: "The pi bonding molecular orbital in thylene results from sideways overlap of two p atomic orbitals." |
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Definition
| missing the fact that they have to be p orbitals OF THE SAME SIGN. |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules that have the same number of electrons |
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Term
| a pair of mirror image molecules that are not identical to one another |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules that exist in two enantiomeric forms |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes a molecule's chirality? |
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Definition
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Term
| optically active molecule |
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Definition
| a molecule (ALWAYS chiral) that rotates the plane of polarization of any polarized light that is shone through it |
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Term
| on what four factors does optical activity (degree of rotation) depend? |
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Definition
1. heat
2. path length
3. concentration
4. wavelength |
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Term
| what are the three factors which could make the net rotation of a compound zero? |
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Definition
- if the molecule is inactive
- or equal amounts of enantiomers are present
- or the molecule is meso |
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Term
| generally, a molecule with n chirality centers can have how many stereoisomers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images |
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Term
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Definition
| diastereomers that only differ by one chirality center |
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Term
| a compound that is achiral and still contains chirality centers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mixture containing equal amounts of each enantiomer (reducing optical activity to zero) |
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