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| Hydrocarbons having only single bonds between carbon atoms. Saturated. Acyclic examples have the general molecular formula CnH2n+2 |
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| Hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Unsaturated. Acyclic examples with one double bond have the general molecular formula CnH2n |
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| The designation given to a fragment of a molecule hypothetically derived from an alkane by removing a hydrogen atom. Names end in -yl. Often designated generically in a molecule with the letter R. |
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| Hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. Unsaturated. Acyclic examples with one triple bond have the general molecular formula CnH2n-2. |
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| A cyclic compound containing delocalized electrons within the ring. Often derived from benzene. |
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| A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. |
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| Electrons that are dispersed through a molecule or part of a molecule and not fixed in place. Stabilize a compound. |
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| The characteristic of a polar molecule where one end or side is somewhat positive and another is somewhat negative. |
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| A physical property associated with a polar molecule that describes the extent of polarity of the compound. Can be calculated by multiplying the charge (e) in electrostatic units by the distance (d) that separates them (m = e x d) |
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| An interaction between molecules having permanent dipoles. Otherwise stated as an interaction between polar molecules. |
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| Weak forces that attract between nonpolar molecules and small parts of the same molecule. |
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| The particular group of atoms in a molecule that primarily determines how the molecule reacts. |
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| aka Alkyl Halide. A molecule where one hydrogen bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom has been replaced by a halogen. Classified by the carbon bonded to the halogen as primary, secondary, or tertiary. |
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| Atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and that halogens that form bonds to carbon and have unshared pairs of electrons. |
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| A molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. |
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| A strong dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen bonded to a small electronegative atom (O, N, F) and the nonbonding electron pairs on other such electronegative atoms. Look for O-H, N-H, or H-F bonds in a molecule. |
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| A polar group that seeks an aqueous environment. |
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| A nonpolar group that avoids an aqueous surrounding and seeks a nonpolar environment. Also referred to as lipophilic group. |
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| Also known as van de Waals Forces. Forces that act between molecules because of permanent or temporary electron distributions. Can be attractive or repulsive. |
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| The interaction of an ion with a permanent dipole. |
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| A structure in which lines are used to represent bonds. Benzene is often represented this way using a hexagon of carbon atoms with alternating double and single bonds around the ring and one hydrogen attached to each carbon atom. |
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| A covalent bond where the electrons are equally shared between the atoms of the bond. Usually found between nonmetals with similar or the same electronegativities. |
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| A covalent bond where the electrons are NOT equally shared because of differing electronegativities between the bonded atoms. |
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| A molecule with a dipole moment. |
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| A carbon that has only one other carbon atom bonded to it. |
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| A compound that contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon in the molecule. Does not contain any multiple bonds. |
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| A carbon that has two other carbon atoms bonded to it. |
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| A carbon that has three other carbon atoms bonded to it. |
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| A carbon atom that does not contain the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon atom. Contains multiple bonds. |
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| A symbol used to designate an alkyl group. Often used to symbolize any organic group. |
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| The prototypical aromatic compound having the molecular forula C6H6. |
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| A carbon that has four other carbon atoms bonded to it. |
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