Term
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Definition
number between 1.0 and 4.0 that indicates how strongly an atom attracts electrons |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 1 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 2 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 3 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 4 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 5 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 6 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 7 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 8 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 9 |
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Term
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Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 10 |
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Term
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Definition
type of polar attraction between a H with a partial positive and a very electronegative atom F, O, or N |
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Term
Tetrahedral molecular geometry |
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Definition
Bond angle = 109.5 ex: Methane |
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Term
Linear molecular geometry |
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Definition
Bond angle = 180 ex: ethylene |
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Term
Trigonal planar molecular geometry |
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Definition
Bond angle = 120 Ex: formaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
Mild hallucinogen thought to have given the Oracle of Delphi visions. |
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Term
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Definition
Molecule with linear geometry, used by welders as fuel in welding torches. |
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Term
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Definition
One of the gases used by the Nazi's in the gas chambers. |
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Term
Structural or constitutional isomers |
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Definition
Molecules which have the same formula, but which have a difference in structure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Molecules which have the same formula but differ in the direction atoms point |
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Term
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Definition
Used to prevent miscarriages in the 1940's, caused increased likelihood of cervical cancer in DES daughters, and to slow down prostate cancer in men |
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Term
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Definition
molecules which work in opposition to male sexual hormones |
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Term
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Definition
A molecule with only single bonds, no double or triple bonds and no rings |
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Term
site of unsaturation (or degree of unsaturation) |
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Definition
Double bond or a ring in a molecule |
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Term
metered dose inhalers (MDI) |
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Definition
Delivery method for asthma medications |
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Term
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) |
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Definition
can cause damage to the ozone layer -phased out of aerosol cans in '78 -phased out of fridges in '95 -phased out of MDI's in '08 |
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Term
hydroflouroalkanes (HFA's) |
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Definition
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Term
Bromomethane (common name: methyl bromide) |
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Definition
Used as a soil fumigant especially for growing strawberries |
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Term
Trichloromethane (chloroform) |
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Definition
early general anesthetic, less flammable and irritating than ether, lethal overdose common and can cause cardiac arrythmia |
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Term
Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) |
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Definition
Commonly used as a drycleaning solvent in the first half of the twentieth century, and to synthesis freon gases |
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Term
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Definition
Replaced ether as an anesthetic, not as flammable, but occasionally caused hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Currently most common form of inhalation anesthetics |
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Term
ethyl chloride, Frigiderm, and Gebauer’s Spray |
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Definition
topical anesthetics that work by chilling the skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
liquids which dissolve large amounts of oxygen while remaining biologically inert |
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Term
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Definition
Used as an inhalation anesthetic until the 1970's extremely explosive |
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Term
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Definition
common antibiotic which has a 14-membered ring |
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Term
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Definition
epidermal fungal infection commonly treated with Nystatin |
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Term
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Definition
molecules with the same formula that have a non-superimposable mirror image |
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Term
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Definition
an atom with four different groups bonded to it |
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Term
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Definition
A drug which contains a mixture of both enantiomers |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter or hormone which binds to several different kinds of adrenergic receptors in the body, used to treat anaphylactic shock |
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Term
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Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
used as an appetite suppresant and stimulant, currently used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity |
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Term
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Definition
A mixture of Fenfluramine(appetite suppressant) and phentermine (mild stimulant) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
very common blood anticoagulant, racemic mixture |
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Term
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Definition
molecule which produces the citrus smell of lemons and oranges |
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Term
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Definition
proton pump inhibitor, racemic mixture used to treat heart burn |
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Term
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Definition
pure biologically active enantiomer of Prilosec |
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Term
van der Waals attractions |
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Definition
weak attractions between molecules, responsible for increasing boiling points as molecules get larger, like in petroleum distillation |
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Term
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Definition
method by which different petroleum based molecules are separated from crude oil |
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Term
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Definition
commonly used (with the addition of fragrances) as baby oil, applies non-polar barrier to baby's skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Propanoic (propionic) Acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
equally possible structures for a molecule, the true molecule being an intermediate between them |
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Term
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Definition
produced in humans during anaerobic exercise, commonly exists in ion form, also found in yogurt |
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Term
Methanoic acid (formic acid) |
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Definition
an acid found in some ants’ stings, and in stinging nettles |
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Term
Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) |
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Definition
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Term
Trichloroacetic acid(TCA) |
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Definition
used to chemically burn warts and for facial peels |
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Term
Propanoic acid (propionic acid) |
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Definition
acid produced by several species of acne causing bacteria, also produces bubbles in Swiss cheese |
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Term
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Definition
common name methacrylic acid used for making acrylic polymers like artificial nails |
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Term
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Definition
formed from the metabolism of glucose and other sugars |
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Term
Butanoic acid (butyric acid) |
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Definition
first isolated from rancid butter, found in vomit, Parmesan cheese |
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Term
Gamma aminobutyric acid or GABA |
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Definition
neurotransmitter in the brain which can cause lowering of CNS activity |
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Term
gammahydroxybutyric acid, GHB |
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Definition
has been used as a date-rape drug, no longer available OTC |
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Term
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Definition
mold inhibitor used as a food preservative |
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Term
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Definition
used for facial peels, milder than phenol and TCA |
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Term
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Definition
found in rhubarb, when combined with Ca ions can cause kidney stones |
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Term
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Definition
found in berries, fruits, especially lemons and oranges; essential component in the Kreb's cycle |
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Term
10-undecenoic acid (undecylenic acid) |
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Definition
11 C carboxylic acid which is used to treat epidermal fungal infections like athlete’s foot |
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Term
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Definition
endergonic reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols which form esters |
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Term
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Definition
exergonic reaction which breaks up esters via the addition of a water molecule |
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Term
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Definition
topical ester local anesthetic to reduce the pain of sunburn and to reduce dental pain |
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Term
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Definition
Ester groups within rings |
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Term
Spironolactone(Aldactone) |
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Definition
diuretic used for treating congestive heart failure and off-label to reduce excessive hair growth |
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Term
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Definition
polymerization process which produces water and polyester polymers |
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Term
Polyethylene terephthalate(PET or PETE) |
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Definition
polyester used in plastic bottles and a variety of clothes, suits, curtains, often labeled Dacron |
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Term
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Definition
widely used in water bottles, baby bottles, epoxy resins inside cans, as well as CDs and DVD, endocrine disruptor |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction and elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the acetylcholine ester bond |
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Term
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Definition
neuromuscular blocker used to relax muscles during intubation |
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Term
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Definition
major component of peach flavor |
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Term
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Definition
major component of apricot flavor |
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Term
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Definition
hydrolysis and neutralization of triglycerides which produces soap |
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Term
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Definition
sphere with lipophilic interior and hydrophilic exterior |
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Term
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Definition
Process of dissolving oil or fat into polar solution using micelles |
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Term
emulsifying agents, wetting agents, or surfactants |
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Definition
Molecules that can form micelles |
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Term
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Definition
surfactant molecule which has a negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
surfactant molecule which has a positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
commonly used as a “foaming agent” in toothpaste |
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Term
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Definition
emulsifying agent produced by the liver and released by the gall bladder |
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Term
lecithin (phosphatidyl choline)
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Definition
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Term
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS or docusate) |
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Definition
synthetic detergent molecule used as laxative and oil spill dispersant |
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Term
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Definition
PEG ester used as a laxative before colonoscopies |
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Term
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Definition
common emulsifying agents used in cake mixes and skin creams. |
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Term
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Definition
nitrate ester used as a vasodilator and explosive |
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Term
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Definition
molecule added by the human body to make certain molecules (like estrogen or bilirubin) more water soluble |
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Term
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Definition
estrogens with sulfate covalently attached |
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Term
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Definition
Alternating double and single bonds |
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Term
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Definition
orange compound in carrots |
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Term
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Definition
a molecule with an unpaired electron |
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Term
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Definition
protein imbedded in cell membranes of the retinal cell |
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Term
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Definition
retinal-opsin complex in rod cells |
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Term
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Definition
cells in the eye containing rhosopsin provide black and white night vision |
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Term
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Definition
eye cells which contain three forms of the protein photopsin, allow for color vision |
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Term
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Definition
form of retinal-bound opsin, plays a role in circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
retinal-opsin complex found in Halobacterium, used to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Accutane, oral acne control medication |
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Term
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Definition
Retin-A, topical acne medication |
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Term
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Definition
condition where high concentrations of bilirubin build up in the fatty tissues and membranes |
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Term
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Definition
orange-colored metabolized heme |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme which attaches glucuronic acid to bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
bilirubin molecule to which two molecules of glucuronic acid have been attached |
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Term
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Definition
molecule responsible for brown color of feces, metabolized conjugated bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
medical device using blue light to treat neonatal jaundice |
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Term
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Definition
conversion of unsaturated alkenes into saturated alkenes usually catalyzed by a nickel or platinum catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
something seeking electrons |
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Term
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Definition
something attracted to the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
refrigerant, aerosol spray propellant, anesthetic, and blowing agent for foam packaging, can damage ozone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
high density polyethylene (HDPE) |
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Definition
used for laundry detergent jugs, plastic milk bottles, fuel tanks, Tupperware, few branches |
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Term
low density polyethylene (LDPE) |
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Definition
somewhat branched polyethylene, used in polyethylene bags, 6-pack plastic rings, and the inside coating of soda cans |
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Term
PEX (polyethylene crosslinked) |
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Definition
third form of polyethylene which has extensive cross-linking |
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Term
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Definition
commonly used to make plastic rope, medical instruments, and yogurt containers |
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Term
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE orTeflon) |
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Definition
makes gore-tex for clothing and stents |
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Term
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Definition
used to make rubber gloves that substitute for latex gloves |
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Term
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Definition
polymer used to make styrofoam |
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Term
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) |
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Definition
combined with iodine to make Betadine |
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Term
Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran) |
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Definition
marketed for wrapping food and keeping it fresh |
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Term
di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) |
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Definition
common plasticizer for PVC, possible endocrine disruptor |
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Term
Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) |
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Definition
known by the trade name products Plexiglass and Lucite, used in first contact lenses |
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Term
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Definition
cross-linking process which adds disulfide and trisulfide bonds to produce hard rubber |
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Term
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Definition
molecule used to make dental sealants and some filling materials |
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Term
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Definition
paint stripper until 1978, added to gasoline, can cause anemia and leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
replaced benzene as a common solvent in paint stripper, can cause asystole and brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
commonly used as a food preservative to inhibit mold growth |
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Term
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Definition
original surgical antiseptic used by Lister, used for facial peels |
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Term
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Definition
antioxidant compounds found in fruits like grapes, blueberries, and pomegranates |
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Term
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Definition
herbicide used by the US government to kill marijuana plantations |
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Term
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Definition
commonly used wood preservative until 1987, could cause damage to CNS, reproductive system, and liver |
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Term
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Definition
common name for the benzene molecule with two alcohol functional groups in the ortho(1,2) configuration |
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Term
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Definition
active ingredient in poison ivy and poison oak that causes a rash and blistering |
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Term
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Definition
formerly used in some brands of mothballs |
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Term
Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs) |
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Definition
unreactive compounds used until 1977 to absorb heat in electrical transformers, may be endocrine disruptors |
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Term
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Definition
mixture of compounds containing varying amounts of Cl atoms on a basic 3-ring dibenzodioxin molecule, toxic |
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Term
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Definition
contaminant in Agent Orange widely sprayed in Viet Nam from 1962 to 1971, can cause chloracne |
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Term
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Definition
large 2 dimensional sheet of benzene rings, used in pencils and as machine lubricant |
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Term
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Definition
Single layers of graphite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dihydropyridine commonly prescribed in the US for treating hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
used as a sterilizer for plastic medical equipment such as endoscopes |
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Term
Benzopyrene (2,4,6,8 “chickenwire”) |
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Definition
carcinogen found in smoked and charred materials |
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Term
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Definition
family of enzymes found in the liver which add polar groups to increase the solubility of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
process in which molecules slip in between the purine and pyrimidine bases in the DNA double helix |
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Term
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Definition
amines which are found in natural products, many of them are biologically active when ingested or injected |
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Term
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Definition
6-membered ring containing an amine |
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Term
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Definition
molecule containing the piperidine ring, first used to treat malaria |
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Term
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Definition
collection of adverse affects caused by quinine |
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Term
free amine or free base form |
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Definition
form of a drug which is more soluble in membranes |
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Term
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Definition
form of the drug which is more water soluble |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial wall which can be destroyed by penicillin |
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Term
penicillinase or beta lactamase |
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Definition
enzyme penicillin resistent bacteria have developed |
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Term
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Definition
amide bond between two amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
two amino acids help together by a peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
extremely strong amide polymer, used in bulletproof vests |
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Term
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Definition
used as a water disinfectant in many public water systems, in high concentrations may cause dermal irritation |
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Term
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Definition
naturally occurring alcohol isolated from peppermint and other members of the mint family |
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Term
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Definition
found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, component of the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol |
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Term
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Definition
active ingredient in Lysol and is also used on skin of citrus fruit and nuts to prevent mold growth |
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Term
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Definition
found in throat lozenges such as Sucrets and some mouthwashes; it produces a local anesthetic effect |
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Term
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Definition
chlorinated phenolic disinfectant, used for scrubbing hands before surgery to kill gram-negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
chlorinated bacteriostatic phenolic compound, used as anti-bacterial agent in soaps and lotions |
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Term
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Definition
non-phenolic bacteriocide used in the treatment of acne |
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Term
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Definition
chlorinated imine that is a common ingredient in mouthwash designed to reduce dental plaque |
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Term
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Definition
phenolic compound from thyme and myrrh, used as a (minor) ingredient in Listerine and some brands of cigarettes |
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Term
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Definition
phenolic compound found in cloves as well as nutmeg and cinnamon |
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Term
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Definition
phenolic compound in olives that has a very bitter taste |
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Term
polyphenols or polyphenolics |
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Definition
naturally occurring molecules with multiple phenol groups, promoted as antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
contribute to the color of many fruits have been found to be antioxidants in test tube |
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Term
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Definition
polyphenolic that is found in the skins of red grape, red wine, and other fruits |
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Term
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Definition
primary ingredient in turmeric spice |
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Term
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Definition
naturally occurring antioxidant which slows down the oxidation of oils and membranes inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
used as an OTC and prescription skin whitener |
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Term
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
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Definition
antioxidant added to food and food packaging material to slow down the rate at which food goes rancid |
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Term
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Definition
alcohol which is metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid, found in windshield wiper fluid and paint strippers |
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Term
2-propanol (rubbing alcohol) |
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Definition
alcohol metabolized into acetone, consumption is toxic |
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Term
1,2 ethanediol (ethylene glycol) |
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Definition
used for radiator anti-freeze, metabolized into oxalic acid, causes kidney damage and death |
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Term
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Definition
used as antifreeze in RV's , metabolized into pyruvic acid, non-toxic |
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