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Organic compounds with practical uses for OIT Chem 331 final
194
Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
12/05/2011

Additional Organic Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Electronegativity
Definition
number between 1.0 and 4.0 that indicates how strongly an atom attracts electrons
Term
Methane (Methyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 1
Term
Ethane (Ethyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 2
Term
Propane (Propyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 3
Term
Butane (Butyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 4
Term
Pentane (Pentyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 5
Term
Hexane (hexyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 6
Term
Heptane (Heptyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 7
Term
Octane (Octyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 8
Term
Nonane (Nonyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 9
Term
Decane (Decyl)
Definition
Number of Carbons in chain = 10
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
type of polar attraction between a H with a partial positive and a very electronegative atom F, O, or N
Term
Tetrahedral molecular geometry
Definition
Bond angle = 109.5
ex: Methane
Term
Linear molecular geometry
Definition
Bond angle = 180
ex: ethylene
Term
Trigonal planar molecular geometry
Definition
Bond angle = 120
Ex: formaldehyde
Term
Ethylene
Definition
Mild hallucinogen thought to have given the Oracle of Delphi visions.
Term
Acetylene (Ethyne)
Definition
Molecule with linear geometry, used by welders as fuel in welding torches.
Term
Hydrogen Cyanide
Definition
One of the gases used by the Nazi's in the gas chambers.
Term
Structural or constitutional isomers
Definition
Molecules which have the same formula, but which have a difference in structure
Term
zusammen
Definition
Z(cis) stands for
Term
entgegen
Definition
E(trans) stands for
Term
geometric isomers
Definition
Molecules which have the same formula but differ in the direction atoms point
Term
DES (Diethylstilbestrol)
Definition
Used to prevent miscarriages in the 1940's, caused increased likelihood of cervical cancer in DES daughters, and to slow down prostate cancer in men
Term
antiandrogens
Definition
molecules which work in opposition to male sexual hormones
Term
saturated molecule
Definition
A molecule with only single bonds, no double or triple bonds and no rings
Term
site of unsaturation (or degree of unsaturation)
Definition
Double bond or a ring in a molecule
Term
metered dose inhalers (MDI)
Definition
Delivery method for asthma medications
Term
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
Definition
can cause damage to the ozone layer
-phased out of aerosol cans in '78
-phased out of fridges in '95
-phased out of MDI's in '08
Term
hydroflouroalkanes (HFA's)
Definition
replaced CFC's in MDI's
Term
Bromomethane (common name: methyl bromide)
Definition
Used as a soil fumigant especially for growing strawberries
Term
Trichloromethane (chloroform)
Definition
early general anesthetic, less flammable and irritating than ether, lethal overdose common and can cause cardiac arrythmia
Term
Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)
Definition
Commonly used as a drycleaning solvent in the first half of the twentieth century, and to synthesis freon gases
Term
Halothane
Definition
Replaced ether as an anesthetic, not as flammable, but occasionally caused hepatitis
Term
Halogenated Ethers
Definition
Currently most common form of inhalation anesthetics
Term
ethyl chloride, Frigiderm, and Gebauer’s Spray
Definition
topical anesthetics that work by chilling the skin surface
Term
Perfluoroalkanes
Definition
liquids which dissolve large amounts of oxygen while remaining biologically inert
Term
Cyclopropane
Definition
Used as an inhalation anesthetic until the 1970's extremely explosive
Term
erythromycin
Definition
common antibiotic which has a 14-membered ring
Term
thrush
Definition
epidermal fungal infection commonly treated with Nystatin
Term
Enantiomers
Definition
molecules with the same formula that have a non-superimposable mirror image
Term
chiral center
Definition
an atom with four different groups bonded to it
Term
racemic mixture
Definition
A drug which contains a mixture of both enantiomers
Term
Epinephrine(adrenaline)
Definition
neurotransmitter or hormone which binds to several different kinds of adrenergic receptors in the body, used to treat anaphylactic shock
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Term
Amphetamine (adderall)
Definition
used as an appetite suppresant and stimulant, currently used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity
Term
Fen-phen
Definition
A mixture of Fenfluramine(appetite suppressant) and phentermine (mild stimulant)
Term
Albuterol
Definition
common asthma medication
Term
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Definition
very common blood anticoagulant, racemic mixture
Term
Limonene
Definition
molecule which produces the citrus smell of lemons and oranges
Term
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Definition
proton pump inhibitor, racemic mixture used to treat heart burn
Term
Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Definition
pure biologically active enantiomer of Prilosec
Term
van der Waals attractions
Definition
weak attractions between molecules, responsible for increasing boiling points as molecules get larger, like in petroleum distillation
Term
fractional distillation
Definition
method by which different petroleum based molecules are separated from crude oil
Term
Mineral oil
Definition
commonly used (with the addition of fragrances) as baby oil, applies non-polar barrier to baby's skin
Term
Methanoic (formic) acid
Definition
[image]
Term
Ethanoic (acetic) acid
Definition
[image]
Term
Propanoic (propionic) Acid
Definition
[image]
Term
Butanoic (Butyric) acid
Definition
[image]
Term
resonance structures
Definition
equally possible structures for a molecule, the true molecule being an intermediate between them
Term
lactic acid
Definition
produced in humans during anaerobic exercise, commonly exists in ion form, also found in yogurt
Term
Methanoic acid (formic acid)
Definition
an acid found in some ants’ stings, and in stinging nettles
Term
Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
Definition
primary acid in vinegar
Term
Trichloroacetic acid(TCA)
Definition
used to chemically burn warts and for facial peels
Term
Propanoic acid (propionic acid)
Definition
acid produced by several species of acne causing bacteria, also produces bubbles in Swiss cheese
Term
2-propenoic acid
Definition
common name methacrylic acid used for making acrylic polymers like artificial nails
Term
Pyruvic acid
Definition
formed from the metabolism of glucose and other sugars
Term
Butanoic acid (butyric acid)
Definition
first isolated from rancid butter, found in vomit, Parmesan cheese
Term
Gamma aminobutyric acid or GABA
Definition
neurotransmitter in the brain which can cause lowering of CNS activity
Term
gammahydroxybutyric acid, GHB
Definition
has been used as a date-rape drug, no longer available OTC
Term
Benzoic acid
Definition
mold inhibitor used as a food preservative
Term
Glycolic acid
Definition
used for facial peels, milder than phenol and TCA
Term
Oxalic acid
Definition
found in rhubarb, when combined with Ca ions can cause kidney stones
Term
Citric acid
Definition
found in berries, fruits, especially lemons and oranges; essential component in the Kreb's cycle
Term
10-undecenoic acid (undecylenic acid)
Definition
11 C carboxylic acid which is used to treat epidermal fungal infections like athlete’s foot
Term
esterification reaction
Definition
endergonic reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols which form esters
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
exergonic reaction which breaks up esters via the addition of a water molecule
Term
Benzocaine
Definition
topical ester local anesthetic to reduce the pain of sunburn and to reduce dental pain
Term
Lactones
Definition
Ester groups within rings
Term
Spironolactone(Aldactone)
Definition
diuretic used for treating congestive heart failure and off-label to reduce excessive hair growth
Term
condensation polymers
Definition
polymerization process which produces water and polyester polymers
Term
Polyethylene terephthalate(PET or PETE)
Definition
polyester used in plastic bottles and a variety of clothes, suits, curtains, often labeled Dacron
Term
bisphenol-A (BPA)
Definition
widely used in water bottles, baby bottles, epoxy resins inside cans, as well as CDs and DVD, endocrine disruptor
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction and elsewhere
Term
acetylcholinesterase
Definition
enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the acetylcholine ester bond
Term
Succinyl choline (sux)
Definition
neuromuscular blocker used to relax muscles during intubation
Term
Ethyl butanoate
Definition
major component of peach flavor
Term
Pentyl propanoate
Definition
major component of apricot flavor
Term
saponification
Definition
hydrolysis and neutralization of triglycerides which produces soap
Term
Micelles
Definition
sphere with lipophilic interior and hydrophilic exterior
Term
Emulsion
Definition
Process of dissolving oil or fat into polar solution using micelles
Term
emulsifying agents, wetting agents, or surfactants
Definition
Molecules that can form micelles
Term
anionic surfactant
Definition
surfactant molecule which has a negative charge
Term
cationic surfactant
Definition
surfactant molecule which has a positive charge
Term
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Definition
commonly used as a “foaming agent” in toothpaste
Term
Bile Salts
Definition
emulsifying agent produced by the liver and released by the gall bladder
Term

 

lecithin (phosphatidyl choline)

 

Definition
[image]
Term
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS or docusate)
Definition
synthetic detergent molecule used as laxative and oil spill dispersant
Term
GoLytely
Definition
PEG ester used as a laxative before colonoscopies
Term
Sorbitan esters
Definition
common emulsifying agents used in cake mixes and skin creams.
Term
nitroglycerin
Definition
nitrate ester used as a vasodilator and explosive
Term
glucuronic acid
Definition
molecule added by the human body to make certain molecules (like estrogen or bilirubin) more water soluble
Term
conjugated estrogens
Definition
estrogens with sulfate covalently attached
Term
conjugated double bonds
Definition
Alternating double and single bonds
Term
beta carotene
Definition
orange compound in carrots
Term
free radical
Definition
a molecule with an unpaired electron
Term
opsin
Definition
protein imbedded in cell membranes of the retinal cell
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
retinal-opsin complex in rod cells
Term
rod cells
Definition
cells in the eye containing rhosopsin provide black and white night vision
Term
cone cells
Definition
eye cells which contain three forms of the protein photopsin, allow for color vision
Term
melanopsin
Definition
form of retinal-bound opsin, plays a role in circadian rhythms
Term
bacteriorhodopsin
Definition
retinal-opsin complex found in Halobacterium, used to generate ATP
Term
cis retinoic acid
Definition
Accutane, oral acne control medication
Term
trans retinoic acid
Definition
Retin-A, topical acne medication
Term
jaundice
Definition
condition where high concentrations of bilirubin build up in the fatty tissues and membranes
Term
bilirubin
Definition
orange-colored metabolized heme
Term
glucuronyl transferase
Definition
enzyme which attaches glucuronic acid to bilirubin
Term
conjugated bilirubin
Definition
bilirubin molecule to which two molecules of glucuronic acid have been attached
Term
stercobilin
Definition
molecule responsible for brown color of feces, metabolized conjugated bilirubin
Term
bili-light
Definition
medical device using blue light to treat neonatal jaundice
Term
Hydrogenation reactions
Definition
conversion of unsaturated alkenes into saturated alkenes usually catalyzed by a nickel or platinum catalyst
Term
electrophile
Definition
something seeking electrons
Term
nucleophile
Definition
something attracted to the nucleus of an atom
Term
Ethyl chloride
Definition
refrigerant, aerosol spray propellant, anesthetic, and blowing agent for foam packaging, can damage ozone
Term
Markovnikov’s Rule
Definition
Them that has gets
Term
high density polyethylene (HDPE)
Definition
used for laundry detergent jugs, plastic milk bottles, fuel tanks, Tupperware, few branches
Term
low density polyethylene (LDPE)
Definition
somewhat branched polyethylene, used in polyethylene bags, 6-pack plastic rings, and the inside coating of soda cans
Term
PEX (polyethylene crosslinked)
Definition
third form of polyethylene which has extensive cross-linking
Term
Polypropylene
Definition
commonly used to make plastic rope, medical instruments, and yogurt containers
Term
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE orTeflon)
Definition
makes gore-tex for clothing and stents
Term
Polyacrylonitrile
Definition
used to make rubber gloves that substitute for latex gloves
Term
Polystyrene
Definition
polymer used to make styrofoam
Term
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
Definition
combined with iodine to make Betadine
Term
Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran)
Definition
marketed for wrapping food and keeping it fresh
Term
di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
Definition
common plasticizer for PVC, possible endocrine disruptor
Term
Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)
Definition
known by the trade name products Plexiglass and Lucite, used in first contact lenses
Term
vulcanization
Definition
cross-linking process which adds disulfide and trisulfide bonds to produce hard rubber
Term
bis-GMA
Definition
molecule used to make dental sealants and some filling materials
Term
benzene or phene
Definition
paint stripper until 1978, added to gasoline, can cause anemia and leukemia
Term
Toluene
Definition
replaced benzene as a common solvent in paint stripper, can cause asystole and brain damage
Term
Benzaldehyde
Definition
artificial almond flavor
Term
Benzoic acid
Definition
commonly used as a food preservative to inhibit mold growth
Term
Phenol
Definition
original surgical antiseptic used by Lister, used for facial peels
Term
Polyphenolics
Definition
antioxidant compounds found in fruits like grapes, blueberries, and pomegranates
Term
Paraquat
Definition
herbicide used by the US government to kill marijuana plantations
Term
Pentachlorophenol
Definition
commonly used wood preservative until 1987, could cause damage to CNS, reproductive system, and liver
Term
Catechol
Definition
common name for the benzene molecule with two alcohol functional groups in the ortho(1,2) configuration
Term
Urushiol
Definition
active ingredient in poison ivy and poison oak that causes a rash and blistering
Term
Naphthalene
Definition
formerly used in some brands of mothballs
Term
Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs)
Definition
unreactive compounds used until 1977 to absorb heat in electrical transformers, may be endocrine disruptors
Term
Dioxin
Definition
mixture of compounds containing varying amounts of Cl atoms on a basic 3-ring dibenzodioxin molecule, toxic
Term
TCDD
Definition
contaminant in Agent Orange widely sprayed in Viet Nam from 1962 to 1971, can cause chloracne
Term
Graphite
Definition
large 2 dimensional sheet of benzene rings, used in pencils and as machine lubricant
Term
graphene
Definition
Single layers of graphite
Term
Pyrimidine
Definition
Thymine and cytosine
Term
Purine
Definition
adenine and guanine
Term
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
Definition
dihydropyridine commonly prescribed in the US for treating hypertension.
Term
Ethylene oxide
Definition
used as a sterilizer for plastic medical equipment such as endoscopes
Term
Benzopyrene (2,4,6,8 “chickenwire”)
Definition
carcinogen found in smoked and charred materials
Term
cytochrome P-450 family
Definition
family of enzymes found in the liver which add polar groups to increase the solubility of molecules
Term
intercalation
Definition
process in which molecules slip in between the purine and pyrimidine bases in the DNA double helix
Term
alkaloids
Definition
amines which are found in natural products, many of them are biologically active when ingested or injected
Term
piperidine
Definition
6-membered ring containing an amine
Term
Quinine
Definition
molecule containing the piperidine ring, first used to treat malaria
Term
cinchonism
Definition
collection of adverse affects caused by quinine
Term
free amine or free base form
Definition
form of a drug which is more soluble in membranes
Term
ionic form
Definition
form of the drug which is more water soluble
Term
peptidoglycan cell wall
Definition
bacterial wall which can be destroyed by penicillin
Term
penicillinase or beta lactamase
Definition
enzyme penicillin resistent bacteria have developed
Term
peptide bond
Definition
amide bond between two amino acids
Term
dipeptide
Definition
two amino acids help together by a peptide bond
Term
Kevlar
Definition
extremely strong amide polymer, used in bulletproof vests
Term
Chloramine
Definition
used as a water disinfectant in many public water systems, in high concentrations may cause dermal irritation
Term
Menthol
Definition
naturally occurring alcohol isolated from peppermint and other members of the mint family
Term
Inositol
Definition
found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, component of the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol
Term
Ortho-phenylphenol
Definition
active ingredient in Lysol and is also used on skin of citrus fruit and nuts to prevent mold growth
Term
Hexyl resorcinol
Definition
found in throat lozenges such as Sucrets and some mouthwashes; it produces a local anesthetic effect
Term
Hexachlorophene
Definition
chlorinated phenolic disinfectant, used for scrubbing hands before surgery to kill gram-negative bacteria
Term
Triclosan
Definition
chlorinated bacteriostatic phenolic compound, used as anti-bacterial agent in soaps and lotions
Term
Benzoyl peroxide
Definition
non-phenolic bacteriocide used in the treatment of acne
Term
Chlorhexidine
Definition
chlorinated imine that is a common ingredient in mouthwash designed to reduce dental plaque
Term
Thymol
Definition
phenolic compound from thyme and myrrh, used as a (minor) ingredient in Listerine and some brands of cigarettes
Term
Eugenol
Definition
phenolic compound found in cloves as well as nutmeg and cinnamon
Term
Oleuropein
Definition
phenolic compound in olives that has a very bitter taste
Term
polyphenols or polyphenolics
Definition
naturally occurring molecules with multiple phenol groups, promoted as antioxidants
Term
flavonoids
Definition
contribute to the color of many fruits have been found to be antioxidants in test tube
Term
Resveratrol
Definition
polyphenolic that is found in the skins of red grape, red wine, and other fruits
Term
Curcumin
Definition
primary ingredient in turmeric spice
Term
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Definition
naturally occurring antioxidant which slows down the oxidation of oils and membranes inside the cell
Term
Hydroquinone/quinone
Definition
used as an OTC and prescription skin whitener
Term
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Definition
antioxidant added to food and food packaging material to slow down the rate at which food goes rancid
Term
Methanol
Definition
alcohol which is metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid, found in windshield wiper fluid and paint strippers
Term
2-propanol (rubbing alcohol)
Definition
alcohol metabolized into acetone, consumption is toxic
Term
1,2 ethanediol (ethylene glycol)
Definition
used for radiator anti-freeze, metabolized into oxalic acid, causes kidney damage and death
Term
Propylene glycol
Definition
used as antifreeze in RV's , metabolized into pyruvic acid, non-toxic
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