For each organic chain attached to a carbon its degree increases by one (1^o up to 4^o) and its title goes up by one (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

C_nH_2n. For every additional bond between carbons in a linear hydrocarbon 2 electrons are taken away

C_nH_n-2. Just like with alkenes for every bond that is added to a simple hydrocarbon 2 hydrogen atoms are taken away from the total number in the compound

They make up the aromatic rings functional group

The degree of the alkyl halide is increased by one as each organic group is added

For each organic group that is added the degree of the alcohol increases by one degree (ex: R¹R²R³C-OH = 3^o alcohol)

An ester is considered symmetrical when the same organic group is found on both sides of the oxygen. For example, tetrehydrofuran (slide 6, chap 2) is symmetrical because the carbon ring is the same in size and shape on both sides

They'll typically be set up in a R-SH form (or the mirror opposite)

A thioether is basically an ether, except with sulfur in place of the oxygen. It can also be symmetrical or unsymmetrical depending on the organic groups it is bound to

They form R-X-X-R' groups (the X can be either sulfur or oxygen depending on which one you're using)

Amines form R_xN(H_x)(^x) compounds. They form primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary forms. In the tertiary neither the hydrogen nor positive charge is present and in the quaternary form it is called an ammonium ion instead of an amine as in all other forms

The only thing that is changed is that instead of dealing with nitrogen as the base atom you're dealing with phosphorous. The primary, secondary, tertiary and quatrnary paterns are the same and the quaternary form is called a phosphonium ion

Aldehydes have the RCHO formula (NOT RCOH) so one end has a terminal hydrogen and an oxygen is double bonded to a carbon whereas for ketones both ends are non-terminal with the oxygen double bonded

You'll always find the NO₂ group attached but it may or may not be double bonded to one of the oxygens. If it is double bonded then the charge of the nitrogen becomes positive and the oxygen becomes negative resulting in a resonance structure

They always have a C---N group (carbon triple bonded to nitrogen) and either a terminal hydrogen to form cyanide or a more complex organic compound group

Anides always contain the N₃ anide group. One nitrogen is always positively charged and another is always negatively charged. In the case that nothing else is bonded to it both ends are negative

You will produce a sulfonic acid which can go on to form many different molecules because of its open organic end

Use the combination of functions. With this property you can combine the properties from multiple compounds and combine them into a novel compound

The amount increases exponentially. Even at C₁₀H₂₂ you're looking at 75 isomers

Any name stands for only one compound

Determine the longest straight chain. If there is a tie, pick the one with the most constituents

Determine the name of all alkyl groups, note their positive and put them in alphabetical order

Number the chain so that the lowest number goes to one of the alkyl groups. In the case of some sort of tie the winner is the chain in which the lowest number comes next

In the case of multiple occurances of the same alkyl group (ex. methyl) use the appropriate standard prefix (if 3, use ...-trimethyl...)

Certain prefixes such as "iso-" are counted but others such as "cyclo" and the common numeral prefixes don't count

It depends on the atom. For example, flouride is "fluoro-", Chloride is "chloro-", Bromine is "bromo-", Iodine is "iodo-", etc.

NO₂ is always used as a prefix no matter what. Its prefix is "nitro-"

It is always a prefix. The prefix used is "-oxy". In the case that it is by itself the prefix is "alhoxy", with a methyl group the prefix is "methoxy" and so on

COOH (or COOR) has the highest suffix/principle function priority out of all of the substances covered in lecture. Its prefix is "alkyl carboxylate" and its suffix is "carboxylic acid"

CONH₂ is second only to COOH/COOR is terms of suffix/principle function priority. Its prefix is "carbamoyl" and its suffix is "amide"

CN is the third in order of priority with COOR/COOH first and CONH₂ second. Its prefix is "cyano" and its suffix is "nitrile"

It is right in the middle of the priority chart. Its prefix is "oxo-" and its suffix is "-al"

-C=O is #5 on the priority list. Its prefix is "oxo-" and its suffix is "one"

It is second to last in priority with only NH₂ being lower. Its prefix is "hydroxy-" and its suffix is "-ol"

It has the lowest suffix priority out of all of the substances covered in lecture. Its prefix is "amino-" and its suffix is "amine"

It would be "N-methyl...". The N takes the place of a numbered Carbon atom