Simplest org molecules.

Only have C and H w/ single bonds

Generally C_nH2n+2

methane(1C), ethane(2C), propane(3C) & butane(4C)

... then prop, hex,hept, octane, nonane,decane, undecane, dodecane(12C)

1. find backbone
2. order  and number chain so lowest number of substituents is obtained
3. name substituents w/ prefix and ending with -yl                  -use "n-prefix" for unbranched "normal" compound
4. assign a number to each substituent even is a prefix already attached to each substituent (di-,tri-,tetra-, etc)
5. complete name by listing in alphabetical order. Ignore prefixes like di, tri, etc., but don't ignore neo-, cyclo-, iso-. 

• C=C double bonds. end in "-ene"                             -select longest chain w/ double bond & number so double bond # as low as possible
• multiple double bonds must be named w/ di, tri, etc. prefixes

• triple bonds between carbons
• *ethyne is commonly known as acetylene
• -yne

Substituted Alkanes:

Haloalkanes

• compounds with a halogen

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Substituted Alkanes:

Alcohols!

• to name, replace -e of the corresponding alcohol with -ol
• number so the C attached to the -OH (hydroxyl group) receives the lowest number possible. 
• -OH gets priority over double bonds
• diols (or glycols) have 2 hydroxyl groups

[image]

substituted alkanes:

Ethers

substituted alkanes:

Aldehydes & Ketones

Aldehydes: suffix -al replaces -e of the corresponding alkane. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde & propionaldehyde don't follow this convention. Always at number 1. Contain an O double bond & at least one H

Ketones: -one suffix. May also use oxo- prefix

Have an O double bond

[image]

substituted alkanes:

Carboxylic acids

Use suffix -oic and add -e to corresponding alkane

--generally formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid used instead 

--characterized by O double bond and OH also attached

[image]

substituted alkanes:

Amines

Having N attached. Is simple, replace -e w/ -amine

If more complex, amino- prefix used

cis 

vs. 

trans compounds

They are different b/c they have different dipole moments. In a trans compound, they are on opposite sides of a double bond, so cancel ea. other out

trans compounds generally have higher boiling points b/c more symmetrical and pack more tightly

plane polarized light will be rotated by an enantiometer by alpha. If rotates right, dextrorotatory (+)

If left, levorotatory (-)

*must be determined experimentally!

To standardize rotations from diff concs/tube lengths:

specific rotation [alpha] = observed rotation of alpha                          .                                    conc (g/ml) & length (dm)