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Vitamins & Minerals
Functions, Sources, Deficiencies & Toxicities
127
Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
10/27/2010

Additional Organic Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Thiamin (aka ?)

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble vitamin (aka B1)

Metabolism

- coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (tpp) required for carbohydrate metabolism

- coenzyme for the metabolism of some branch chain amino acids

Term

Thiamin

Sources

Definition

Enriched and whole grains

Ham

Pork

Ready to eat cereals

Term

Thiamin

Deficiency

Definition

Beriberi - muscle wasting and nerve damage

Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome - related to heavy alcohol consumption and poor nutrition

Term

Thiamin

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Riboflavin (aka ?)

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble vitamin (aka B2)

Metabolism

- coenzyme (FAD) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in metabolism of CHO and fats

- FAD works with the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase

Term

Riboflavin

Sources

Definition
Milk
Term

Riboflavin

Deficiencies

Definition

Ariboflavinosis - symptoms: sore lips, swollen mucous membranes (not common)

- severe deficiencies will interfere with Vitamin B6

Term

Riboflavin

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Niacin

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble B complex vitamin

Metabolism

- Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (can make Niacin from AA tryptophan)

- coenzyme assisting with metabolism of CHO and fatty acids

Term

Niacin

Sources

Definition

Meat

Fish

Poultry

Enriched bread products

Term

Niacin

Deficiencies

Definition

Pellagra (disease of 4D's) - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and/or depression, death

Term

Niacin

Toxicities

Definition

- results from suppliments, not common from foods

- liver damage, swelling around the eyes (blurred vision), glucose intolerance, flushing

Term

Vitamin B6 (aka ?)

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble vitamin (aka pyridoxine)

Metabolism

- group of 6 related carbons

- coenzyme (PLP) for more than 100 enzymes, most in AA metabolism - key for making non-essential AA's

Term

Vitamin B6

Sources

Definition

Meat

Fish

Poultry

Rice

Starchy vegetables

Term

Vitamin B6

Deficiencies

Definition

Depression

Confusion

Microcytic anemia

Convulsions

Seborrheic dermatitis

Term

Vitamin B6

Toxicities

Definition

- from suppliments, not common from food

- nerve damage, skin lesions

Term

Folate

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble B complex vitamin

Metabolism

- coenzyme (THF) involved in DNA synthesis, AA metabolism

- critical for cell division of very early embryos

Term

Folate

Sources

Definition

Lentils

Fortified grain products

Term

Folate

Deficiencies

Definition

- macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects

- increases risk of colon cancer

Term

Folate

Toxicities

Definition

- mask B12 deficiency

- increase risk of cancer by feeding abnormal cells

Term

Vitamin B12 (aka ?)

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble vitamin (aka Cobalamin)

Metabolism

- coenzymes important for blood formation

- required for nerve functioning

- required for homocysteine breakdown (decreasing risk of heart disease)

Term

Vitamin B12

Sources

Definition
Animal-based products
Term

Vitamin B12

Deficiencies

Definition

Pernicious anemia

Low energy

Fatigue

Shortness of breath

Term

Vitamin B12

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Panththenic acid

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble B complex vitamin

Metabolism

- component of coenzyme (CoA) for fatty acid metabolism

Term

Pantothetic acid

Sources

Definition

Liver

Yogurt

Sunflower seeds

Shittake mushrooms

Term

Pantothetic acid

Deficiencies

Definition
Deficiencies very rare.
Term

Pantothentic acid

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Biotin

Type & Function

Definition

Grouped with B complex vitamins

Metabolism

- coenzyme involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

- important for gluconeogenesis

Term

Biotin

Sources

Definition
Determined for very few foods
Term

Biotin

Deficiencies

Definition

Hair thinning

Loss of hair colour

Red rash on face

- related to consumption of large number of raw egg whites over a long period of time

Term

Biotin

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Choline

Type & Function

Definition

Essential vitamin-like substance.

 Metabolism

- assists in homocysteine metabolism

- accelerates the synthesis of acetycholine, a neurotransmitter

- essential for synthesis of phospholipids

Term

Choline

Sources

Definition

Milk

Liver

Eggs

Legumes

Peanuts

Term

Choline

 Deficiencies

Definition

- fat accumulation in the liver

- "fatty liver disease"

- also seen in heavy alcohol consumption

- liver cell accumulates triglycerides

Term

Choline

Toxicities

Definition

- liver damage

- toxicity caused by supplements

Term

Iodine

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Metabolism

- critical for synthesis of thyroid hormones* (which regulate body temperature and resting metabolic rate)

Term

Iodine

Sources

Definition

Salt water fish

Shrimp

Milk

Dairy products

Term

Iodine

Deficiencies

Definition

Hypothyroidism

Goiter

Cretinism in pregnancy (mental retardation of embryo)

Term

Iodine

Toxicities

Definition

- blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones

- thyroid tries to make more hormones

- results in goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Term

Chromium

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Metabolism

- assists insulin as it transports glucose from the blood into the cells

Term

Chromium

Sources

Definition

Mushrooms

Prunes

Dark chocolate

Nuts

Whole grains

Term

Chromium

Deficiencies

Definition

- Hyerglycemia

- inhibits glucose absorption by body cells

- can lead to diabetes

 

Term

Chromium

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Manganese

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Metabolism

-coenzyme involved in energy metabolism

- also important for synthesis of protein matrix in bone tissue and in building cartilage

Term

Manganese

Sources

Definition

Whole-grains

Brown rice

Pineapple

Pine nuts

Raspberries

Term

Manganese

Deficiencies

Definition

- impaired growth and reduced bone density

Term

Manganese

Toxicities

Definition

- impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors

Term

Sulphur

Type & Function

Definition

Major mineral

Metabolism

- component of thiamin and biotin

- required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver

- assists in maintaining acid-base balance

- found in a few amino acids

Term

Sulphur

Sources

Definition

- sufficient sulphur is synthesized from the protein in our diets

Term

Sulphur

Deficiencies

Definition
No known deficiencies.
Term

Sulphur

Toxicities

Definition
No known toxicities.
Term

Vitamin K

Type & Function

Definition

Fat soluble vitamin.

Blood & Bones

- coenzyme for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting

- bone metabolism

Term

Vitamin K

Sources

Definition

Green leafy vegetables

Vegetable oils

Phylloquinone - plant form of vitamin K

Menaquinone - healthful bacteria found in the large intestine produce some vitamin K

Term

Vitamin K

Deficiencies

Definition

- causes lack of normal blood clotting, excessive bleeding

- can occur with diseases that disturb absorption of fat in the small intestine

Term

Vitamin K

Toxicities

Definition

No known toxicities.

Can interfere with anticoagulant medications.

Term

Iron

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Blood

- a component of the protein hemoglobin which carries erythrocytes

- a component of myoglobin which carries oxygen in muscle cells

- a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Term

Iron

Storage

Definition

- can be stored in the body as ferritin or hemosiderin

- storage is usually in the liver, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and spleen

Term

Iron

Types of

Definition

Heme - found in animal based foods and more absorbable

Non-heme - not easily absorbed

Term

Iron

Sources

Definition

Heme - meat, poultry, fish, clams

Non-heme - soybeans, enriched cereals and breads, lentils

Term

Iron

Deficiencies

Stage 1

Definition

- decreased iron stores

- reduced ferritin level

- no physical symptoms

Term

Iron

Deficiencies

Stage 2

Definition

- decrease iron transport

- reduced transferrin

- reduced production of heme

- physical symptoms include reduced work capacity

Term

Iron

Deficiencies

Stage 3

Definition

- iron-deficiency anemia

- decreased production of normal red blood cells

- reduced production of heme

- inadequate hemoglobin to transport oxygen

- symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, reduced work performance, impaired immune and cognitive functions

Term

Iron

Toxicities

Definition

- symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion

- delayed treatment can result in severe damage to the heart, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

- risk most likely from supplements

Term

Iron

Factors that inhibit absorption

Definition

Phytates - impairs iron absorption; found in legumes, rice and whole grains

Calcium

Tannins (polyphenols) - impairs iron absorption; found in tea, coffee, red wine, oregano

Soy protein

Term

Iron

Factors that enhance absorption

Definition

MPF (meat protein factor) - found in meat, fish and poultry that enhances absorption of non-heme iron

Vitamin C - enhances absorption of non-heme iron

Cast iron pan - absorbs iron from pan

Term

Zinc

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Blood

- coenzyme for hemoglobin production

- part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system

- development and fuction of immune system

Term

Zinc

Sources

Definition

Oysters

Beans

Beef

Liver

Whole grains

Term

Zinc

Deficiencies

Definition

- growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation

- uncommon in the US

Term

Zinc

Toxicities

Definition

- intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite

- copper absorption is affected

- occurs from supplements

Term

Copper

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Blood

- coenzyme for energy metabolism, and for collagen production

- part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system

- required for iron transport

Term

Copper

Sources

Definition

Organ meats

Seafood

Nuts

Seeds

Whole grains

Term

Copper

Deficiencies

Definition

- anemia, reduced white blood cells, osteoporosis in children

- rare

Term

Copper

Toxicities

Definition

- intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, liver damage

- not studied well in humans

Term

Calcium

Type & Function

Definition

Major mineral

Bones

- form and maintain bones and teeth

- transmission of nerve impulses

- assists in muscle contraction

Term

Calcium

Sources

Definition

Yogurt

Milk

Cheese

Sardines (bone in)

Spinach

Kale

Term

Calcium

Deficiencies

Definition

- hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)

- can be caused by kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, but not calcium deficiency alone

- blood calcium is maintained by increase bone resorption to meet calcium needs

Term

Calcium

Toxicities

Definition

- mineral imbalance and kidney damage

- excess is generally excreted

- ususally caused by supplements

Term

Calcium

Factors that inhibit absorption

Definition

Amount consumed - cannot absorb more than 500mg at one time

Age - more difficult to absorb as we age

Iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium - inhibits absorption

Binding factors - phytates and oxalates; found in seeds, nuts, grains and some vegetables

Term

Calcium

Factors that enhance absorption

Definition
Vitamin D
Term

Vitamin D

Type & Function

Definition

Fat soluble vitamin

Bones

- required for calcium and phosphorus absorption

- necessary for bone calcification

- cell differention

- regulates blood calcium levels

- stimulates osteoclasts

Term

Vitamin D

Sources

Definition

- can be synthesized by exposure to UV light

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) - found in plant foods

Vitamin D3 (cholercalciferol) - form body synthesizes from sun; found in animal foods, ie fatty fish (salmon, sardines)

- fortified foods (milk, margerine)

Term

Vitamin D

Deficiencies

Definition

- can occur with diseases that reduce intestinal absorption of fat

Rickets - bending of soft bones in children

Osteomalacia - weak, painful bones in adults

Term

Vitamin D

Toxicities

Definition

- skin synthesis cannot cause excess vitamin D formation

- can occur from supplements or fish oils

Hypercalcemia - high blood calcium

- leads to disability and death due to calcification of soft tissues

Term

Phosphorus

Type & Function

Definition

Mineral

Bones & Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

- primary intracellular negatively charged electrolyte

- critical to mineral composition of bone

- required for proper fluid balance

- component of ATP, DNA, membranes

- regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivating enzymes

Term

Phosphorus

Sources

Definition

- high amounts found in foods that contain protien (meat, milk, eggs, etc)

Term

Phosphorus

Deficiencies

Definition

- bone pain, muscle weakness, and dizziness

- rare; at risk are premature infants, elderly consuming poor diets, people who abuse alcohol

Term

Phosphorus

Toxicities

Definition

- high blood phosphorus results in muscle spasms and convulsions

- can result from too much vitamin D supplements, in people with kidney disease, or overconsuming phosphorus-containing antacids

Term

Magnesium

Type & Function

Definition

Mineral

Bones

- found in bone structure (50-60% of body's magnesium found in bones)

- cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems

- required for the production of ATP, DNA, and proteins

Term

Magnesium

Sources

Definition

Green leafy vegetables

Whole grains

Seeds

Nuts

Seafood

Beans

Dairy products (some)

Term

Magnesium

Deficiencies

Definition

Hypomagnesemia - low blood calcium and osteoporosis

Term

Magnesium

Toxicities

Definition

- diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehydration

- can occur from supplements

Term

Fluoride

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Bones

- development and maintenance of teeth and bones

- combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacteria

Term

Fluoride

Sources

Definition

Fluoridated dental products

Fluoridated water

Term

Fluoride

Deficiencies

Definition

- dental caries (cavities)

- may result in lower bone density

Term

Fluoride

Toxicities

Definition

Fluorosis (excess fluoride) - creates porous tooth enamel; teeth become stained and pitted

Term

Sodium

Type & Function

Definition

Mineral

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

- required for nerve impulse transmission

- associated with blood pressure and pH balance in body

- assists in the transport of certain nutrients (glucose)into the body

Term

Sodium

Deficiencies

Definition

- hyponatremia

- can result from prolonged vomitting, diarrhea, or sweating

Term

Sodium

Toxicities

Definition

- hypernatremia

- high blood volume, edema, high blood pressure

- can happen to patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease

Term

Potassium

Type & Function

Definition

Mineral

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

- very important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses

- high potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood pressure

Term

Potassium

Sources

Definition

Potatoes

Bananas

Tomatoes

Fresh fruit & vegetables

Whole grains

Term

Potassium

Deficiencies

Definition

- hypokalemia

- can be seen in patients with kidney disease or diabetic acidosis

- can occur when taking certain diuretic medications

Term

Potassium

Toxicities

Definition

- hyperkalemia

- can occur in patients with kidney disease (low potassium diets, dialysis takes out potassium)

- can alter normal heart rhythm resulting in a heart attack

Term

Chloride

Type & Function

Definition

Mineral

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

- assists the immune system

- part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Term

Chloride

Deficiencies

Definition

- causes dehydration

- rare, can occur in people with eating disorders

Term

Chloride

Toxicities

Definition

- may lead to hypertension in salt-sensitive people

- no other known toxicity

Term

Vitamin E

Type & Function

Definition

Fat soluble vitamin

Antioxidant

- no known role in metabolism

- protects PUFAs

- protects LDLs from being oxidized

Term

Vitamin E

Sources

Definition

Vegetable oils

Nuts

Seeds

Wheat germ

Soybeans

Broccoli

Term

Vitamin E

Deficiencies

Definition

- erythrocyte hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells)

- deficiencies uncommon

Term

Vitamin E

Toxicities

Definition

- can interfere with anticoagulant medications

- toxicities uncommon

Term

Vitamin C

Type & Function

Definition

Water soluble vitamin

Antioxidant

- synthesis of collagen

- prevents scurvy

- enhances immune system

Term

Vitamin C

Sources

Definition

- fresh fruit and vegetables

Term

Vitamin C

Deficiencies

Definition

- scurvy

- bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness

Term

Vitamin C

Toxicities

Definition

- nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, abdominal cramps

Term

Beta-carotene

Type & Function

Definition

Carotenoids - Provitamin

Antioxidant

- a weak antioxidant

- effective against oxidant in cell membranes and LDLs

Carotenoids:

- enhance immune system

- protect skin from damage by UV light

- protect eye from damage

Term

Beta-carotene

Sources

Definition

- fruit & vegetables that are red, orange, yellow, or deep green

Term

Beta-carotene

Deficiencies

Definition
No known deficiencies.
Term

Beta-carotene

Toxicities

Definition

- large quantities do not appear to be toxic

- skin can turn yellow

Term

Vitamin A

Type & Function

Definition

Fat soluble vitamin

Antioxidant

- essential to sight

- protects LDL

- cell differentiation: cells mature and specialize

- sperm production and fertilization

- immune function

- bone growth

Term

Vitamin A

Types of

Definition

Retinol

Retinal

Retinoic acid

Term

Vitamin A

Sources

Definition

- animal sources of retinol (liver, eggs)

- plant sources of provitamin A carotenoids (dark green, orange, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables)

- foods fortified include reduced-fat milk, plant-based milk, margerine

 

Term

Vitamin A

Deficiencies

Definition

- reversible night blindness

- irreversible blindness due to drying of the cornea

- impaired immunity

- growth failure

Term

Vitamin A

Toxicities

Definition

- highly toxic, likely from supplements

- birth defects

- permanent damage to liver and eyes

Term

Selenium

Type & Function

Definition

Trace mineral

Antioxidants

- part of the gluthione perozidase enzyme system

- production of thyroxine-thyroid hormone

Term

Selenium

Sources

Definition

Organ meats

Pork

Seafood

Nuts

Wheat

Rice (depending on soil levels)

Term

Selenium

Deficiencies

Definition

- Keshan disease: heart disease

- Kashin-Beck disease: arthritis

Term

Selenium

Toxicities

Definition

- brittle hair, nails, skin rash

- can occur from supplements

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