Term
Thiamin (aka ?)
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble vitamin (aka B1)
Metabolism
- coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (tpp) required for carbohydrate metabolism
- coenzyme for the metabolism of some branch chain amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Enriched and whole grains
Ham
Pork
Ready to eat cereals |
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Term
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Definition
Beriberi - muscle wasting and nerve damage
Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome - related to heavy alcohol consumption and poor nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
Riboflavin (aka ?)
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble vitamin (aka B2)
Metabolism
- coenzyme (FAD) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in metabolism of CHO and fats
- FAD works with the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ariboflavinosis - symptoms: sore lips, swollen mucous membranes (not common)
- severe deficiencies will interfere with Vitamin B6 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Water soluble B complex vitamin
Metabolism
- Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (can make Niacin from AA tryptophan)
- coenzyme assisting with metabolism of CHO and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Enriched bread products |
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Term
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Definition
Pellagra (disease of 4D's) - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and/or depression, death |
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Term
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Definition
- results from suppliments, not common from foods
- liver damage, swelling around the eyes (blurred vision), glucose intolerance, flushing |
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Term
Vitamin B6 (aka ?)
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble vitamin (aka pyridoxine)
Metabolism
- group of 6 related carbons
- coenzyme (PLP) for more than 100 enzymes, most in AA metabolism - key for making non-essential AA's |
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Term
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Definition
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Rice
Starchy vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
Depression
Confusion
Microcytic anemia
Convulsions
Seborrheic dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
- from suppliments, not common from food
- nerve damage, skin lesions |
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Term
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Definition
Water soluble B complex vitamin
Metabolism
- coenzyme (THF) involved in DNA synthesis, AA metabolism
- critical for cell division of very early embryos |
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Term
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Definition
Lentils
Fortified grain products |
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Term
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Definition
- macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects
- increases risk of colon cancer |
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Term
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Definition
- mask B12 deficiency
- increase risk of cancer by feeding abnormal cells |
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Term
Vitamin B12 (aka ?)
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble vitamin (aka Cobalamin)
Metabolism
- coenzymes important for blood formation
- required for nerve functioning
- required for homocysteine breakdown (decreasing risk of heart disease) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pernicious anemia
Low energy
Fatigue
Shortness of breath |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Panththenic acid
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble B complex vitamin
Metabolism
- component of coenzyme (CoA) for fatty acid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Liver
Yogurt
Sunflower seeds
Shittake mushrooms |
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Term
Pantothetic acid
Deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
Pantothentic acid
Toxicities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Grouped with B complex vitamins
Metabolism
- coenzyme involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- important for gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
Determined for very few foods |
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Term
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Definition
Hair thinning
Loss of hair colour
Red rash on face
- related to consumption of large number of raw egg whites over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Essential vitamin-like substance.
Metabolism
- assists in homocysteine metabolism
- accelerates the synthesis of acetycholine, a neurotransmitter
- essential for synthesis of phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
Milk
Liver
Eggs
Legumes
Peanuts |
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Term
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Definition
- fat accumulation in the liver
- "fatty liver disease"
- also seen in heavy alcohol consumption
- liver cell accumulates triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
- liver damage
- toxicity caused by supplements |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Metabolism
- critical for synthesis of thyroid hormones* (which regulate body temperature and resting metabolic rate) |
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Term
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Definition
Salt water fish
Shrimp
Milk
Dairy products |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Cretinism in pregnancy (mental retardation of embryo) |
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Term
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Definition
- blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones
- thyroid tries to make more hormones
- results in goiter (enlarged thyroid) |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Metabolism
- assists insulin as it transports glucose from the blood into the cells |
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Term
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Definition
Mushrooms
Prunes
Dark chocolate
Nuts
Whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
- Hyerglycemia
- inhibits glucose absorption by body cells
- can lead to diabetes
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Manganese
Type & Function |
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Definition
Trace mineral
Metabolism
-coenzyme involved in energy metabolism
- also important for synthesis of protein matrix in bone tissue and in building cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Whole-grains
Brown rice
Pineapple
Pine nuts
Raspberries |
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Term
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Definition
- impaired growth and reduced bone density |
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Term
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Definition
- impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors |
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Term
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Definition
Major mineral
Metabolism
- component of thiamin and biotin
- required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver
- assists in maintaining acid-base balance
- found in a few amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
- sufficient sulphur is synthesized from the protein in our diets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Vitamin K
Type & Function |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamin.
Blood & Bones
- coenzyme for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting
- bone metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Green leafy vegetables
Vegetable oils
Phylloquinone - plant form of vitamin K
Menaquinone - healthful bacteria found in the large intestine produce some vitamin K |
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Term
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Definition
- causes lack of normal blood clotting, excessive bleeding
- can occur with diseases that disturb absorption of fat in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
No known toxicities.
Can interfere with anticoagulant medications. |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Blood
- a component of the protein hemoglobin which carries erythrocytes
- a component of myoglobin which carries oxygen in muscle cells
- a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
- can be stored in the body as ferritin or hemosiderin
- storage is usually in the liver, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and spleen |
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Term
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Definition
Heme - found in animal based foods and more absorbable
Non-heme - not easily absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
Heme - meat, poultry, fish, clams
Non-heme - soybeans, enriched cereals and breads, lentils |
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Term
Iron
Deficiencies
Stage 1 |
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Definition
- decreased iron stores
- reduced ferritin level
- no physical symptoms |
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Term
Iron
Deficiencies
Stage 2 |
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Definition
- decrease iron transport
- reduced transferrin
- reduced production of heme
- physical symptoms include reduced work capacity |
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Term
Iron
Deficiencies
Stage 3 |
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Definition
- iron-deficiency anemia
- decreased production of normal red blood cells
- reduced production of heme
- inadequate hemoglobin to transport oxygen
- symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, reduced work performance, impaired immune and cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
- symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion
- delayed treatment can result in severe damage to the heart, central nervous system, liver, kidneys
- risk most likely from supplements |
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Term
Iron
Factors that inhibit absorption |
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Definition
Phytates - impairs iron absorption; found in legumes, rice and whole grains
Calcium
Tannins (polyphenols) - impairs iron absorption; found in tea, coffee, red wine, oregano
Soy protein |
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Term
Iron
Factors that enhance absorption |
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Definition
MPF (meat protein factor) - found in meat, fish and poultry that enhances absorption of non-heme iron
Vitamin C - enhances absorption of non-heme iron
Cast iron pan - absorbs iron from pan |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Blood
- coenzyme for hemoglobin production
- part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system
- development and fuction of immune system |
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Term
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Definition
Oysters
Beans
Beef
Liver
Whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
- growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation
- uncommon in the US |
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Term
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Definition
- intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite
- copper absorption is affected
- occurs from supplements |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Blood
- coenzyme for energy metabolism, and for collagen production
- part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system
- required for iron transport |
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Term
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Definition
Organ meats
Seafood
Nuts
Seeds
Whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
- anemia, reduced white blood cells, osteoporosis in children
- rare |
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Term
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Definition
- intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, liver damage
- not studied well in humans |
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Term
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Definition
Major mineral
Bones
- form and maintain bones and teeth
- transmission of nerve impulses
- assists in muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Yogurt
Milk
Cheese
Sardines (bone in)
Spinach
Kale |
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Term
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Definition
- hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)
- can be caused by kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, but not calcium deficiency alone
- blood calcium is maintained by increase bone resorption to meet calcium needs |
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Term
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Definition
- mineral imbalance and kidney damage
- excess is generally excreted
- ususally caused by supplements |
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Term
Calcium
Factors that inhibit absorption |
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Definition
Amount consumed - cannot absorb more than 500mg at one time
Age - more difficult to absorb as we age
Iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium - inhibits absorption
Binding factors - phytates and oxalates; found in seeds, nuts, grains and some vegetables |
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Term
Calcium
Factors that enhance absorption |
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Definition
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Term
Vitamin D
Type & Function |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamin
Bones
- required for calcium and phosphorus absorption
- necessary for bone calcification
- cell differention
- regulates blood calcium levels
- stimulates osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
- can be synthesized by exposure to UV light
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) - found in plant foods
Vitamin D3 (cholercalciferol) - form body synthesizes from sun; found in animal foods, ie fatty fish (salmon, sardines)
- fortified foods (milk, margerine) |
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Term
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Definition
- can occur with diseases that reduce intestinal absorption of fat
Rickets - bending of soft bones in children
Osteomalacia - weak, painful bones in adults |
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Term
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Definition
- skin synthesis cannot cause excess vitamin D formation
- can occur from supplements or fish oils
Hypercalcemia - high blood calcium
- leads to disability and death due to calcification of soft tissues |
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Term
Phosphorus
Type & Function |
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Definition
Mineral
Bones & Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- primary intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
- critical to mineral composition of bone
- required for proper fluid balance
- component of ATP, DNA, membranes
- regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivating enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
- high amounts found in foods that contain protien (meat, milk, eggs, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
- bone pain, muscle weakness, and dizziness
- rare; at risk are premature infants, elderly consuming poor diets, people who abuse alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
- high blood phosphorus results in muscle spasms and convulsions
- can result from too much vitamin D supplements, in people with kidney disease, or overconsuming phosphorus-containing antacids |
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Term
Magnesium
Type & Function |
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Definition
Mineral
Bones
- found in bone structure (50-60% of body's magnesium found in bones)
- cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems
- required for the production of ATP, DNA, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Green leafy vegetables
Whole grains
Seeds
Nuts
Seafood
Beans
Dairy products (some) |
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Term
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Definition
Hypomagnesemia - low blood calcium and osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
- diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehydration
- can occur from supplements |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Bones
- development and maintenance of teeth and bones
- combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Fluoridated dental products
Fluoridated water |
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Term
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Definition
- dental caries (cavities)
- may result in lower bone density |
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Term
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Definition
Fluorosis (excess fluoride) - creates porous tooth enamel; teeth become stained and pitted |
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Term
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Definition
Mineral
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
- required for nerve impulse transmission
- associated with blood pressure and pH balance in body
- assists in the transport of certain nutrients (glucose)into the body |
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Term
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Definition
- hyponatremia
- can result from prolonged vomitting, diarrhea, or sweating |
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Term
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Definition
- hypernatremia
- high blood volume, edema, high blood pressure
- can happen to patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease |
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Term
Potassium
Type & Function |
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Definition
Mineral
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
- very important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
- high potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Potatoes
Bananas
Tomatoes
Fresh fruit & vegetables
Whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
- hypokalemia
- can be seen in patients with kidney disease or diabetic acidosis
- can occur when taking certain diuretic medications |
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Term
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Definition
- hyperkalemia
- can occur in patients with kidney disease (low potassium diets, dialysis takes out potassium)
- can alter normal heart rhythm resulting in a heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
Mineral
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
- assists the immune system
- part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
- causes dehydration
- rare, can occur in people with eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
- may lead to hypertension in salt-sensitive people
- no other known toxicity |
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Term
Vitamin E
Type & Function |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamin
Antioxidant
- no known role in metabolism
- protects PUFAs
- protects LDLs from being oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
Vegetable oils
Nuts
Seeds
Wheat germ
Soybeans
Broccoli |
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Term
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Definition
- erythrocyte hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells)
- deficiencies uncommon |
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Term
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Definition
- can interfere with anticoagulant medications
- toxicities uncommon |
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Term
Vitamin C
Type & Function |
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Definition
Water soluble vitamin
Antioxidant
- synthesis of collagen
- prevents scurvy
- enhances immune system |
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Term
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Definition
- fresh fruit and vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
- scurvy
- bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness |
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Term
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Definition
- nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, abdominal cramps |
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Term
Beta-carotene
Type & Function |
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Definition
Carotenoids - Provitamin
Antioxidant
- a weak antioxidant
- effective against oxidant in cell membranes and LDLs
Carotenoids:
- enhance immune system
- protect skin from damage by UV light
- protect eye from damage |
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Term
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Definition
- fruit & vegetables that are red, orange, yellow, or deep green |
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Term
Beta-carotene
Deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- large quantities do not appear to be toxic
- skin can turn yellow |
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Term
Vitamin A
Type & Function |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamin
Antioxidant
- essential to sight
- protects LDL
- cell differentiation: cells mature and specialize
- sperm production and fertilization
- immune function
- bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid |
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Term
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Definition
- animal sources of retinol (liver, eggs)
- plant sources of provitamin A carotenoids (dark green, orange, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables)
- foods fortified include reduced-fat milk, plant-based milk, margerine
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Term
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Definition
- reversible night blindness
- irreversible blindness due to drying of the cornea
- impaired immunity
- growth failure |
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Term
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Definition
- highly toxic, likely from supplements
- birth defects
- permanent damage to liver and eyes |
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Term
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Definition
Trace mineral
Antioxidants
- part of the gluthione perozidase enzyme system
- production of thyroxine-thyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Organ meats
Pork
Seafood
Nuts
Wheat
Rice (depending on soil levels) |
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Term
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Definition
- Keshan disease: heart disease
- Kashin-Beck disease: arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
- brittle hair, nails, skin rash
- can occur from supplements |
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